BIO - Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Question 1

Macromolecule

Answer 1

Large molecule that is composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Ex: Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 2

Polymers

Answer 2

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

Question 3

Monomers

Answer 3

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. Are repeating.

Question 4

Polymerization

Answer 4

The chemical mechanisms by which cells make polymers

Question 5

In cells, the processes of building and breaking down are facilitated by?

Answer 5

Enzymes

Question 6

Enzyme

Answer 6

A macromolecule that serves as a catalyst (a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.)

Question 7

Catalyst

Answer 7

A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Question 8

Most enzymes are ____

Answer 8

Proteins

Question 9

Condensation Reaction

Answer 9

The reaction that connects a monomer to another monomer or a polymer. A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule such as H2O (in this case it would be dehydration)

Question 10

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 10

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Also a type of condensation reaction.

Question 11

What are life’s 4 organic molecules?

Answer 11

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 12

3/4 of Life’s Organic Molecules are polymers. These 3 are?

Answer 12

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 13

Monomers form larger molecules by ____

Answer 13

Condensation reactions called dehydration reactions

Question 14

What are the monomers for carbohydrates/polysaccharides

Answer 14

monosaccharides/simple sugars

Question 15

What are the monomers for proteins

Answer 15

amino acids (20 of them)

Question 16

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 16

20

Question 17

What are the monomers for nucleic acids?

Answer 17

Nucleotides (5 of them)

Question 18

What is the body’s favorite monosaccharide?

Answer 18

Glucose

Question 19

What is the chemical formula and ratio for glucose (the most common monosaccharide)?

Answer 19

C6H12O6 –> 1:2:1

Question 20

Monomers form larger molecules (polymers) by condensation reactions called?

Answer 20

Dehydration Reactions (which is an anabolic reaction)

Question 21

Polymers are disassembled into monomers by ____, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of dehydration reactions and involves the addition of H2O

Answer 21

Hydrolysis (which is a catabolic reaction)

Question 22

An immense variety of polymers can be built from____

Answer 22

A small set of monomers

Question 23

Monosaccharides serve as ____

Answer 23

Major fuel for cells and raw building material for molecules

Question 24

Carbohydrates include ___

Answer 24

Monosaccharides (simple sugars/monomers), disaccharides, or polysaccharides (aka carbohydrate macromolecules).

Question 25

What is the most common monosaccharide/simple sugar?

Answer 25

Glucose

Question 26

Monosaccharides are classified by location of the ____ and by number of ______

Answer 26

Carbonyl group (aldose or ketose); Carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 27

Often drawn as a linear skeleton, monosaccharides will form what shape in an aqueous (sol. that contains water as a solvent) solution?

Answer 27

Ring shape

Question 28

The covalent bond between two monosaccharides joined when a dehydration reaction takes place is called a _____

Answer 28

Glycosidic linkage

Question 29

What is the difference between an aldose (aldehyde sugar) and a ketose (ketone sugar)?

Answer 29

The location of the carbonyl group. In an aldose, the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, while in a ketose it is within the carbon skeleton.

Question 30

Carbonyl Group

Answer 30

CO

Question 31

Glucose and fructose are what type of isomers?

Answer 31

Structural Isomers

Question 32

The most common disaccharide is sucrose. It's made of which 2 monomers?

Answer 32

glucose and fructose

Question 33

Starchers are?

Answer 33

Polysaccharides

Question 34

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

Answer 34

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Question 35

Glycogen

Answer 35

A glucose storage polymer found in animals

Question 36

Starch

Answer 36

A glucose storage polymer in plants

Question 37

Chitin

Answer 37

The structural polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons

Question 38

Collagen

Answer 38

Structural protein found in tendons and ligaments

Question 39

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for

Answer 39

Energy storage and release

Question 40

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can the same enzyme not break down cellulose?

Answer 40

The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together (by B glycosidic linkages) differently than those in starch (glycosidic linkages).

Question 41

Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triacylglycerols. What is the difference between them?

Answer 41

For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do.

Question 42

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

Answer 42

Phospholipids (which form the bilayer between the cell and its external environment). Phospholipids have a polar and nonpolar end.

Question 43

Phospholipids are ____. Triacylglycerols are ____.

Answer 43

Fats; Oils; Both are lipids

Question 44

Steroids are ____

Answer 44

Lipids

Question 45

High cholesterol levels are considered a major risk factor for heart disease. If it is so bad for humans, why does the body make cholesterol in the first place?

Answer 45

Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones.

Question 46

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by

Answer 46

adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, thereby converting carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds

Question 47

Nucleotides (monomers for nuclei acids) contain:

Answer 47

Nitrogenous base, Penrose sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 48

Nucleoside

Answer 48

The part of a nucleotide without the phosphate group

Question 49

DNA

Answer 49

Provides directions for its own replication & directs synthesis of mRNA and controls protein syn. Through mRNA

Question 50

2 types of nitrogenous bases

Answer 50

Pyrimidines and purines

Question 51

Pyrimidines

Answer 51

Have a single 6membered ring (C and U and T)

Question 52

Purines

Answer 52

Have a 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring (A and G)

Question 53

Transcription

Answer 53

Then DNA into mRNA 5’-3’ becomes 3’5’ The translation is when you use the U

Question 54

T

Answer 54

Thymine

Question 55

A

Answer 55

Adenine

Question 56

G

Answer 56

Guanine

Question 57

C

Answer 57

Cytosine

Question 58

Protein Conformation is determined by:

Answer 58

Primary structure, physical and chemical changes in pH, slat concentration, temperature, and other environmental factors

Question 59

Denaturation

Answer 59

Protein becomes inactive

Question 60

Chaperonins

Answer 60

Protein molecule that assist the proper folding of other proteins

Question 61

Amino acids have which two groups

Answer 61

Carboxyl and amino

Question 62

Protein functions

Answer 62

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances, enzymes