Bio Chem

Question 1

What is a chemical reaction?

Answer 1

A process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

Question 2

What are anabolic reactions?

Answer 2

Reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

Question 3

What are catabolic reactions?

Answer 3

Reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones.

Question 4

What is an enzyme?

Answer 4

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.

Question 5

What is a pleated sheet?

Answer 5

A type of secondary structure in proteins characterized by folded strands.

Question 6

What is an alpha helix?

Answer 6

A common secondary structure in proteins formed by a right-handed coil.

Question 7

What are the types of molecular bonds?

Answer 7

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds.

Question 8

What is an atom?

Answer 8

A single unit made up of neutrons, protons, and electrons.

Question 9

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 9

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Question 10

What is a molecule?

Answer 10

Groups of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Question 11

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 11

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 12

What is a nonpolar molecule?

Answer 12

A molecule with equal sharing of electrons.

Question 13

What is a polar molecule?

Answer 13

A molecule with unequal sharing of electrons, forming a dipole.

Question 14

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 14

Weak bonds between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (F, O, or N).

Question 15

What are macromolecules?

Answer 15

Large molecules (polymers) formed from the bonding of smaller molecules (monomers).

Question 16

What are the four types of organic macromolecules?

Answer 16

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.

Question 17

What is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 17

Amino acid.

Question 18

What is the polymer of proteins?

Answer 18

Peptide.

Question 19

What type of linkage is found in proteins?

Answer 19

Peptide bonds.

Question 20

What is the function of proteins?

Answer 20

Structure, transport, defense, storage, enzymes.

Question 21

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 21

Monosaccharide.

Question 22

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

Answer 22

Polysaccharide.

Question 23

What type of linkage is found in carbohydrates?

Answer 23

Glycosidic bonds.

Question 24

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 24

Store energy.

Question 25

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 25

Single sugar molecules (e.g., Glucose).

Question 26

What are disaccharides?

Answer 26

Two joined sugar molecules (e.g., Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose).

Question 27

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 27

Polymers of sugar molecules, including starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

Question 28

What is the primary structure of proteins?

Answer 28

Linear chain sequence of amino acids.

Question 29

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 29

Local folding of the chain into alpha helices or beta sheets via hydrogen bonding.

Question 30

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 30

3D shapes due to noncovalent interactions between R groups.

Question 31

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 31

3D protein shape consisting of 2 or more separate peptide chains.

Question 32

What is a Dehydration Reaction?

Answer 32

Links monomers to form polymers, forming H₂O in the process.

Question 33

What is Hydrolysis?

Answer 33

Uses water to break polymers into monomers.

Question 34

What are Lipids?

Answer 34

Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules.

Question 35

What is the monomer of Lipids?

Answer 35

Hydrocarbons.

Question 36

What is the polymer of Lipids?

Answer 36

Hydrocarbon chain.

Question 37

What type of linkage do Lipids have?

Answer 37

Covalent carbon-carbon.

Question 38

What are the functions of Lipids?

Answer 38

Insulation, energy storage, endocrine signaling, cell structure.

Question 39

What are Triglycerides?

Answer 39

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids. ## Footnote Saturated (single bonds, straight chain) and Unsaturated (double bonds, branched chain).

Question 40

What are Phospholipids?

Answer 40

2 fatty acids + phosphate group attached to glycerol backbone. ## Footnote Amphipathic with polar head, nonpolar tail. Form phospholipid membrane bilayer.

Question 41

What are Steroids?

Answer 41

Three 6-membered rings + one 5-membered ring. ## Footnote E.g., hormones, cholesterol.

Question 42

What are Porphyrins?

Answer 42

4 joined pyrrole rings with a metal center atom. ## Footnote E.g., chlorophyll, hemoglobin.

Question 43

What is the monomer of Nucleic Acids?

Answer 43

Nucleotide.

Question 44

What is the polymer of Nucleic Acids?

Answer 44

Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA).

Question 45

What type of linkage do Nucleic Acids have?

Answer 45

Phosphodiester bond.

Question 46

What is the function of Nucleic Acids?

Answer 46

Encode, express, and store genetic info.

Question 47

What is the structure of a Nucleotide?

Answer 47

Nitrogenous base + 5-C sugar + phosphate group.

Question 48

What distinguishes DNA from RNA?

Answer 48

DNA has -H attached to 2' carbon of the sugar, while RNA has -OH attached to sugar.

Question 49

What are the bases of DNA?

Answer 49

A, T, C, G. ## Footnote Contains deoxyribose sugar and 2 complementary antiparallel (5' to 3') strands of double helix.

Question 50

How do A and T pair in DNA?

Answer 50

A and T pair via 2 H-bonds.

Question 51

How do C and G pair in DNA?

Answer 51

C and G pair via 3 H-bonds.

Question 52

What is Chargaff's Rule?

Answer 52

A & T, and G & C are always present in equal amounts.

Question 53

What is Competitive Inhibition?

Answer 53

A substance that mimics the substrate inhibits enzyme by binding to active site, thus preventing release of substrate. ## Footnote Can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.

Question 54

What is Noncompetitive Inhibition?

Answer 54

A substance inhibits the enzyme at a secondary location called the allosteric site. ## Footnote Substrate can still bind, but the inhibitor prevents reaction.