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Biomechanics > Bio Chp 3 > Flashcards

Bio Chp 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms?

A

Fungi, Planta, Animalia, Protist Microorganisms

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2
Q

Do eukaryotic organisms have to be unicellular?

A

No they can be multicelluar.

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3
Q

What are the substructures of the nucleus?

A

The nucleolus, which contains the chromatin and ribosomal units. The nuclear envelope which is a double membrane with pores. Of course, there’s the DNA wrapped in chromosomes.

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4
Q

What is the largest organelle of a eukaryotic cell?

A

The nucleus

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5
Q

What are some of the functions of the nucleus?

A

storage of DNA, i.e., genetic material; creation of RNA; controller of protein synthesis

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6
Q

The nucleus has an internal structure similar to the cytoplasm, what is it called?

A

The nucleoplasm

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7
Q

The membrane of the nucleus is not single layered, but what?

A

double layered. There is an inner and an outer membrane

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8
Q

A double layered membrane can make transport of material into/out of the nucleus different, so what does the nucleus have?

A

so-called nuclear pores

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus? It’s structure broadly speaking?

A

It is composed of granules of RNA & protein, fibrils, chromatin, and a proteinaceous matrix. The nucleolus consists of the genes which code for ribosomal RNA.

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10
Q

What are ribosomes? Structure? Function? Where are they made?

A

They are RNA-protein complexes. They consist of two subunits that join and attached to mRNA. They are the site of protein synthesis. They are assembled in the nucleolus.

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11
Q

Where can ribosomes be found? There are two locations.

A

1) Alone in the cytoplasm.

2) Attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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12
Q

What is the function of the ribosome attached to the RER?

A

It makes proteins for export outside of the cell.

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13
Q

What is the function of the isolated ribosome in the cytoplasm?

A

To make proteins for use within the cell

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14
Q

Where does the biogenesis of ribosomes take place?

A

In eukaryotes, there are two locations. The first is the nucleolus, and the second is in the cytoplasm.

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15
Q

Describe the complexity of the assembly of ribosomes by referring to the number of proteins and rRNAs.

A

Assembly of ribosomes requires the coordinated function of at least 200 proteins and the processing of four rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins.

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16
Q

Sketch how ribosomes are made.

A

Ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm (I assume by ribosomes themselves). These proteins are imported into the nucleolus. rRNA is transcribed in the nucleus and associates with the ribosomal proteins to form the two subunits that will be exported from the nucleus and form a ribosome whence combined.

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17
Q

What is the general function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It transports material through the cell.

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18
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER?

A

The rough ER is studded by ribosomes. It is attached to the nuclear membrane. It is the site of protein synthesis and processing.

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19
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

The smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes, is the site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins.

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20
Q

What is the golgi apparatus? What is its geometry? What is its function? How does it achieve this roughly?

A

It is a collection golgi bodies. Geometrically, these resemble a stack of flattened sacks. It’s a packing center for the cell. Cell products are packaged for export. Proteins being packaged are modified by being combined with fats or carbohydrates. Vesicles pinch off from the Golgi body to eventually be secreted outside the cell (UPS).

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21
Q

True or False, the golgi apparatus is involed in the production of Lysosomes.

A

True

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22
Q

How do the RER and the golgi apparatus work together?

A

Since the RER is synthesizing proteins for export outside of the cell, it forwards them to the golgi apparatus, which then modifies them by adding carbohydrates or fats, and then secretes them as vesicles bound to leave the cell.

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23
Q

Where are lysosomes made?

A

The golgi apparatus

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24
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

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A

They are involved in the intracellular digestion of food particles, disease causing bacteria and worn out cell parts.

25
Via the use of what substances, for the lysosome achieve its function?
The lysosome needs digest enzymes to work as advertised, and indeed that is what it consists.
26
Are vacuoles found in plant cells?
Yes
27
Are vacuoles found in animal cells?
Yes
28
What is the function of the vacuole?
It acts as a container storing water and dissolved particles.
29
What is one function of the vacuole in plants?
Plants have a large central vacuole for water storage.
30
What is one function of the vacuole in animals?
Unicellular animals can use the contractile vacuoles for movement.
31
What organelles in eukaryotic cells have DNA?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
32
What is the function and structure of the mitochondria briefly?
This is the site of cell respiration-- the so-called 'powerhouse' of the cell. It has outer and inner membranes and a cristae (folded pathway) inner structure.
33
Are mitochondria found in both plant and animal cells?
True
34
What kinds of cells have more mitochondria?
More active cells
35
What is the function of chloroplasts?
They are responsible for photosynthesis.
36
How does the structure of chloroplasts compare to mitochondria?
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight. It is a green pigment.
37
Are chloroplasts found in animals?
False, only in plants.
38
What is the function of the cell membrane?
It controls what enters and leaves the cell
39
In how many cells are cell membranes found?
All of them
40
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
It is a phospholipid bilayer with transport proteins and cholesterol for flexibility.
41
What are the primary components of a plant cell wall? How are they structured?
Cellulose Microfibril, pectin, hemicellulose, and soluble protein. The cellulose microfibrils are linked via hemicelluosic tethers for form the cellulose-hemicellulose network which is embdeed in the pectin matrix.
42
What are the three layers of the plant cell wall?
1) The middle lamella -- a layer rich in pectins. This is the outermost layer, so it interfaces and glues adjacent plant cells. 2) The primary cell wall, which is generally thin, flexible, and extensible layer formed while the cell is growing. 3) The secondary cell wall, a thick layer fomred inside the primary cell wall after the cell is fully grown. It is not found in all cell types.
43
What is the use of cell wall strength?
Cell walls have sufficient tensile strength to withstand pressures several times atmospheric pressure. This is necessary in order to withstand the osmotic pressures that result from the differences in solute concentration between the intracellular and extracellular spaces.
44
How do the cell walls of fungi differ from the cell walls of plants?
Well, the structure components are entirely different. They do not have a cellulose based cell wall. But rather one based on chitin. The chitin molecules are stitched together by glucans, which are glucose polymers. Furthermore, proteins such as enzymes necessary for cell wall synthesis and lysis and structural proteins are all present in the cell wall.
45
How may we visualize the cell wall of a fungi?
mannoproteins as the outer layer -- Beta-(1,6)-glucan and Beta-(1,3)-glucans as a middle layer-- and chitin as a inner layer.
46
What is chitin structurally?
It is a polymer consisting mainly of unbranched chains of N-Acetylglucosamine.
47
What are glucans structurally? What are the particular types present in fungi cell walls?
Glucans are glucose polymers that function to cross-link chitin and chitosan polymers. They are glucose molecules linked together by Beta-(1,6) and B-(1,3) bonds. They help provide rigidity.
48
Generally, speaking what is the cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton consists of long, slender protein tubes and fibers that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
49
What are the three elements of the cytoskeleton?
Actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
50
What is the cytoskeleton responsible for?
1) Cell shape 2) Movement within the cell 3) Movement of the cell
51
What is the structure and function of actin filaments?
These are the smallest fibrous constituents of the cytoskeleton. They are a polymer of actin subunits. They generate force by elongation of one end connected to contraction of the opposite end. This, of course, results in net movement. Thereby making actin filaments responsible for the movement of cells. Moreover, the actin filaments act like tracks or roads along which myosin molecules attach and can walk. This is so called F-actin. It exhibits a helical pattern.
52
What is the structure and function of the intermediate filaments?
Intermediate filaments are about 10nm in diameter, and may be visualized as a web throughout the volume of the cell that fixes organelles. These structures can bear and resist tensile forces acting on a cell. They have two anti-parallel helices forming dimers, which form tetramers.
53
What is the structure and function of microtubules?
Microtubules are hollow and about 23 nm in diameter. These structures can bear compressive forces acting on the cell.
54
What are centrioles?
They are cylindrical structures found near the nucleus. They are made of hollow, tubular structures arranged in bundles. They are found only in animal cells and are important in cell division.
55
What does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?
Cell wall, Large Vacuoles, Chloroplasts
56
What does an animal cell have that a plant cell does not?
Centrioles
57
What do both plant and animal cells have?
Cell membrane, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, nucleus, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, etc
58
What is differentiation?
It's the process by which cells specialize. During the development of a multi-cellular organism all cells contain all the genetic information, but they only express the genes necessary for their particular function. So-called stem cells have the ability to differentiate or specialize into any type of cell such as bone, liver, cartilage, muscle, blood, or connective tissue.

Biomechanics (5 decks)

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