Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio Final > Bio Cumulative > Flashcards

Bio Cumulative Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the three structural components of DNA?

A

double stranded, deoxyribose, bases are ATCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the function of mRNA?

A

delivers genetic message to ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In genetic drift, what is the “founder effect”?

A

where few individuals are isolated from the larger population and may have different allele frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why did cheetahs have very little genetic variation?

A

due to the Bottleneck Effect in genetic drift, the population crashed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what causes certain traits to be favored by natural selection?

A

determined by the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

in a population, which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce?

A

the individuals that are best adapted to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the base pairs in DNA?

A

ATCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

all life has the same what?

A

same genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the SELECTIVE advantage of high melanin near the equator?

A

Protect against UV damage and protects folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what the selective advantage of low melanin away from the equator?

A

To allow for more vitamin D production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why do Inuit people still have relatively high melanin levels?

A

They eat fatty foods (fish) that contain high levels of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the two requirements for a population to evolve by natural selection?

A

it must be variable and heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 3 components of a DNA molecule?

A

a phosphate, a sugar, a nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is synonymous (silent) mutations?

A

the “silent” mutation, causing no change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is non-synonymous mutations?

A

changes in a gene that alters and changes the protein being made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is positive selection?

A

a selection for beneficial mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how can you tell if a gene has gone through positive selection?

A

when there are more non-synonymous mutations than synonymous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how can you tell if a gene has gone through negative selection?

A

when there are more synonymous mutations than non-synonymous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is negative selection?

A

a selection against deleterious mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the process that produces RNA from DNA is called what?

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the process that produces Proteins from mRNA is called what?

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the three structure components of RNA?

A

single stranded, ribosome, bases are AUCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is directional selection?

A

where one side is favored and move forward with higher fitness. Ex.) choosing turkeys based on breast size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is stabilizing selection?

A

individuals with intermediate phenotypes are most fit. Ex.) human birth weights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is disruptive selection?
individuals with intermediate phenotypes with low fitness. Ex.) light colored mouse vs dark colored mouse
26
If a gene in a population is in H-W equilibrium, what does that mean in terms of evolution?
there is no evolution, it stays the same
27
why are DNA sequences similar in humans and chimpanzees?
humans and chimps share a relatively recent common ancestor
28
what is homologous to the wing of a bat in terms of anatomical structures?
the arm of a human
29
what are the three domains of life?
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
30
what organisms are prokaryotes?
bacteria and archaea
31
what organism has the greatest number of individuals than all others?
bacteria
32
what group is placed nearest to fungi based on DNA similarities?
animals
33
what is allopatric speciation?
forms new specifies while being geographically isolated. Need geographic barrier
34
what is sympatric speciaition?
forms new species without geographic barrier
35
when two populations are reproductively isolated, what else must occur for speciation to happen?
genetic divergence producing pre-or post-zygotic isolation
36
what is an example of post-zygotic isolation?
a horse and a donkey mate and produce a mule
37
what is pre-zygotic isolation?
before sperm and egg
38
what is intersexual selection?
when one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates
39
what is intrasexual selection?
direct competition for mates, usually males. Ex.) peacocks long and bright tails
40
In sexual selection, what sex should be the one that chooses who to mate with?
the sex that invests more resources in the offspring
41
how does gene duplication lead to evolution of traits such as red-green color vision?
multiple copies of the same gene on a chromosome so than they can go and mutate
42
what are the 2 basic ways evolution occurs?
Non random (natural selection) and random (genetic drift)
43
what is the primary way genetic variation is spread in eukaryotes?
meiosis and sexual reproduction
44
what is the primary way genetic variation is created in bacteria?
mutations
45
why is reproductive isolation necessary for speciation?
to stop gene flow
46
The DNA of different species depends on what?
the sequences of the bases
47
If a person is blood type A negative, what kind of blood can they recieve?
only A negative and O negative
48
What blood is the universal donor?
O negative
49
what are the three bacterial shapes?
cocci (circular), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spiral
50
what are protists?
single-celled eukaryotic organisms
51
what is the phylum basidiomycota?
the truest forms of mushrooms
52
what is phylum ascomycota?
fungi that produces spores in rows of sacs. Ex.) morrels.
53
what is phylum zygomycota?
forms in between 2 different strands and forms a zygospore. Ex.) bread mold
54
heterotrophs do what?
obtain carbon from eating organisms and secrete enzymes outside of their body
55
what is the body of the fungus called and what is its role?
called the Hyphae, it secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients
56
what are single-celled fungi called?
yeast
57
most of the body of a fungus is what?
haploid
58
what are lichens?
a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae
59
what are the 4 main types of plants?
bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
60
in the flower, a pollen tube delivers the sperm to what?
ovule
61
in angiosperms, what is the purpose of the fruit?
to aid in the dispersal of seeds
62
what is the difference between gametophyte and sporophyte?
gametophyte is haploid and sporophyte is diploid
63
is the big green part of a fern gametophyte or sporophyte?
sporophyte
64
is the green part of the moss gametophyte or sporophyte?
gametophyte
65
in the flower, what receives the pollen?
the stigma
66
in the flower, what produces pollen?
the anther
67
why did gymnosperms replace ferns as the dominant plant?
because of the evolution of seeds
68
what do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common?
seeds and pollen
69
how are seeds dispersed in angiosperms?
it depends on the color of the flower and the pollinator
70
what are protostomes?
animals whose mouth formed first
71
what are deuterostomes?
animals whose anus formed first
72
do all phylum in the animal kingdom have true tissues?
No, all but sponges do
73
what plants have vascular tissue?
ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
74
what is bilateral symmetry?
have left and right sides that are mirror images of each other. Includes flatworms, segmented worms, round worms, mollusca, and anthropoda
75
what is radial symmetry and what group of animals have it?
have no front or back end. Includes only Cnidaria (jellyfish)
76

Bio Final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions