Bio EOC Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
What are polymers?
A
Large chains made up of smaller subunits called monomers
2
Q
What are the subunits of carbohydrates l?
A
Monosaccharide (simple sugars)
3
Q
What is the function of carbohydrates?
A
To store energy (short term energy storage, to be used for energy right away)
4
Q
What are examples of carbohydrates?
A
Cellulose
Starches
Glycogen
5
Q
What are the subunits of lipids
A
Triglyceride (glycerol and three fatty acid tails)
6
Q
What is the function of lipids
A
Stores energy (long term energy storage), protective coverings, insulation
7
Q
Examples of lipids
A
Plasma membrane
Fats
Oils
Waxes
8
Q
What is the subunit of proteins
A
Amino acids
9
Q
Functions of proteins
A
Enzymes, transport, cell signaling
10
Q
Example of protein
A
Enzymes
11
Q
Subunit of Nucleic acids
A
Nucleotides
12
Q
Function of nucleic acids
A
To store genetic information
13
Q
Examples of nucleic acids
A
DNA
RNA
14
Q
What are enzymes
A
A protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
15
Q
An enzyme acts as a
A
Catalyst
16
Q
An enzyme is denatured with
A
High temps or changes in ph
17
Q
What is denaturalization
A
The process by which proteins lose their shape due to high temperatures or low pH’s. Changes the shape of the enzyme (lock) and therefore the substrate (key) can no longer fit into the active site of the enzyme
18
Q
What are hormones
A
long distance chemical messengers. Promote growth and development
19
Q
What are the important macromolecules
A
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Insulin
Hemoglobin
20
Q
Function of glycogen
A
Stored form of carbohydrates (animals)
21
Q
Function of starch
A
Stored form of carbs (plants)
22
Q
Function of cellulose
A
Make up the cell wall (plants)
23
Q
Function of insulin
A
Regulate blood sugar level (animals)
24
Q
Function of hemoglobin
A
Carries oxygen to all parts of body (animals)
25
What are prokaryotes
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles (pro means no)
26
Characteristics of prokaryotic cells
- very simple
- no nucleus, just DNA in the cell
- ONLY bacteria
- has a plasmid
27
What is a plasmid
Small circular piece of DNA that controls genes for antibiotics resistance
28
What are eukaryotic cells
Cells WITH membrane bound organelles
29
What are stem cells
Cells that are not specialized
30
What does it mean when cells are specialized
They have a specific function in the organism
31
When do adult stem cells become differentiated
Around Day 14
32
What is differentiation
Cells are given specific jobs (heart cells, liver cells, skin cells, etc)
33
Because stem cells are not differentiated they have the potential to become any type of cell (T/F)
True
34
All cells have-
The same amount and type of dna
35
What determines what kind of cell stem cells become
Environment
36
What are the two types of stem cells
Embryonic and adult
37
What are embryonic stem cells
Cells that have yet to differentiate
38
What are adult stem cells
Cells that are remain non specialized in adults (bone marrow)
39
What are the benefits of stem cells?
Could cure diseases such as leukemia, Alzheimers, cancer, etc by replacing diseased cells with healthy cells
40
What are the ethical issues relating to stem cells
Should we be using stem cells to cure diseases?
41
What is the function of the plasma membrane
Maintains homeostasis by allowing some things to pass through while keeping other things out of the cell (selectively permeable)
42
What is the structure of a plasma membrane
Phospholipid (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails)
Cholesterol (provides stability to the cell)
Channel and carrier proteins (used to transport particles across the plasma membrane that cannot enter by diffusion/osmosis
43
What is a nucleus
Contains dna, control center of the cell
44
What is a ribosome
Makes proteins and is in both P and E cells. Looks like tiny black dots in cells
45
What is a mitochondria?
Breaks down sugars (glucose in foods) to release energy. Has many folds (cristae) in order to make more energy. Powerhouse of the cell
46
What is a chloroplast
Uses energy from the sun to create simple sugars. Found in plant and prokaryotic cells
47
What is a vacuole
Acts as a storage center. Large vacuole is found in plant cells
48
What is a cell wall
Provides structure and support for the cell. Can be found in bacteria (made of cellulose), plants (made of cellulose), and fungi (made of chitin)
49
What is the equation of photosynthesis (written)
Carbon dioxide + water + energy = sugar + oxygen
50
What is the equation of photosynthesis (formula)
CO2+ H2O + sun= C6H12O6 + O2
51
What are the reactants of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide (CO2
Water (H2O)
Energy (sun)
52
What are the products of photosynthesis
Sugar (C6H12O6)
Oxygen (O2)
53
What organelle Carrie’s out photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
54
What organisms carry out photosynthesis
Some bacteria, plants, and algae
55
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis
Amount of sunlight, amount of water, and amount of CO2
56
What is the equation of cellular respiration (written)
Sugar + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water+ energy
57
What is the equation of cellular respiration (formula)
C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP
58
What is the other name for energy
ATP
59
What are the reactants of aerobic respiration
Sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)
60
What are the products of aerobic respiration
Water (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and energy (ATP)
61
What organelle Carrie’s our aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
62
What organisms go through cellular respiration
All eukaryotes (all organisms except for bacteria)
63
What is anaerobic respiration
A process that does not require oxygen
64
When does anaerobic respiration occur
when cells run out of oxygen but still need energy
65
Where does anaerobic respiration occur
The cytoplasm
66
Wich process makes more ATP
Aerobic respiration
67
What is the other name for anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
68
What are the two types of anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
69
What is lactic acid fermentation
Cells make energy in the absence of oxygen and causes the muscle burn felt during exercise
70
What is alcoholic fermentation
The processes by which bacteria and yeast create ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen. Makes bread rise, and alcoholic beverages
71
What are the 3 parts of the cell cycle
Interphase, mitosis/ meiosis, and cytokinesis
72
What is interphase
Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle and is the stage in which the cell Carrie’s our normal functions such as metabolism, DNA replication, growth, etc.
73
What are the 3 parts of interphase
G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase
74
What happens during G1 phase
Cell grows in size and prepares for DNA division
75
What happens during S phase
DNA/ Chromosomes are replicated. Organelles are also replicated at this time
76
What happens during the G2 phase
Cell continues to grow in size and prepares for division
77
What happens after a cell goes through interphase
It goes through with mitosis or meiosis depending on the type of cell it is
78
What happens when a cell escapes the regulation of the cell cycle
They become cancerous
79
What is mitosis
A type of Asexual reproduction
80
How many daughter cells are made in mitosis
2
81
What cells go through mitosis
All cells except for sperm and egg cells
82
What kind of cells are the cells that go through mitosis
Diploid cells
83
The cells that are made are what
Identical
84
The cells that go through mitosis have how many chromosomes
46
85
What are the steps of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
86
What causes cancer
Cells dividing out of control
87
What happens during prophase
The chromosomes condense into an X- shaped structure
88
What happens during metaphase
The nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell
89
What happens during anaphase
The sister chromatically separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell
90
What happens during telophase
A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm.
91
What happens during cytokinesis
The cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides
92
What does meiosis cause
Genetic variation
93
What is meiosis
Sexual reproduction
94
How many cells are made from meiosis
4
95
What cells go through meiosis
Sperm and egg cell
96
What type of cells are produced
Haploid (one diploid cell makes 4 haploid cells)
97
If a cell has 46 chromosomes, the daughter will have
23 chromosomes
98
Cells are different than their parent cell (T/F)
True
99
What processes cause variation
Crossing over, non disjunction, recombination of alleles, fertilization
100
What is crossing over
Chromosomes swap part of their chromosomes in meiosis
101
What is non disjunction
Chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis
102
What is caused by non disjunction
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
103
What is recombination of alleles
Genes are arranged in different combinations
104
What is fertilization
Joining of sperm and egg adds to the genetic variation of the offspring
105
What is replication
Makes new DNA (DNA to DNA)
106
When does replication happen
Has to happen before cell division (during S-phase) so that each new cell g we a copy of DNA
107
What is the structure of DNA
Double helix
108
Who determined the shape of DNA
Watson and Crick
109
What are the bases of DNA
A,T,G,C
110
What are the base pairings of DNA
A-T
C-G
T-A
G-C
111
What is the structure of DNA
A phosphate group
A simple sugar (deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C)
112
What are DNA base pairs held together by
A weak hydrogen bond that ensures that DNA strands can separate during replication and transcription
113
What type of mutations are caused by replication
Substitution, addition, deletion, chromosomal alteration
114
What is a substitution mutation
A change in a single base pair. Can change the entire protein or just one amino acid
115
What is addition mutation
The insertion of a base pare, changes the entire reading frame and protein structure
116
What is deletion mutation
The deletion of a base pair. changes the entire reading frame and protein structure
117
What is chromosomal alteration
Change in an entire chromosome. Causes Down syndrome
118
What is translation
A process in which mRNA is turned into a protein (mRNA to Protein)
119
Where does translation take place
The ribosome
120
What codon starts translation
The methionine codon (AUG)
121
If given DNA, it should be converted to
mRNA
122
If given tRNA, it should be converted into
mRNA
123
What are proteins held together by
Peptide bonds
124
How many blood types are there
4
125
What are blood types an example of
Multiple alleles and co-dominance In humans
126
What are the 4 phenotypes of blood
A, B, O, and AB
127
What are the genotypes of A
IAIA and IAi
128
What are the genotypes of B
IBIB and IBi
129
Genotype of AB
IAIB
130
Genotype of O
ii
131
Who first came up with the taxonomic rankings
Aristotle
132
Who improved the taxonomic rankings
Linnaeus
133
What are the taxonomic rankings based on
Evolutionary similarities
134
What are the taxonomic rankings
Domain, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species
135
What is binomial nomenclature
Two word naming system that uses genus and species
136
What is the function of xylem
Transports water
137
What is the function of phloem
Transports sugars
138
What is pollination
Occurs when pollen (sperm) unites with eggs in flower.
139
What is the cell wall of a plant cell made of
Cellulose
140
What is the function of the stomata
Pores in plants that allow for the exchange of gasses
141
What is the function of guard cells
Control the opening and closing of stomata
142
What is phototropism
Tendency of plants to move toward light
143
What is gravotropsism
Tendency of plants to put their roots down towards the ground
144
What is a pedigree
A family tree that shows the inheritance of certain traits
145
What are males and females represented by
Males= squares
Females= circles
146
What are dominant trait pedigrees characterized by
They have a lot of people shaded in. Someone in each generation is shaded in
147
What are recessive trait pedigrees characterized by
They do not have a lot of people shaded in. Usually there are two parents that do not have the disease but they have a child that have a child with the condition
148
What are sex-linked trait pedigrees characterized by
Usually have mostly squares (men) shaded. X linked pedigrees can have women shaded in but it should be overwhelmingly men shaded in
149
What is a vaccine
Prevents disease by mounting an immune response to the weakened worms in the vaccine
150
What is HIV
virus that causes AIDS. Weakens the immune system. Very hard to cure because it is an RNA virus, and it mutates very quickly
151
What is a virus
Neither dead or Alive. Has to have a cell to replicate in
152
What is innate immunity
Immunity that you are born with (T cells and B cells)
153
What is acquirer immunity
Immunity acquired through vaccinations, breast milk, etc
154
What are T cells
Directly attack foreign invaders
155
B cells
Make proteins that attack foreign invaders
156
What are viruses composed of
Small micro organisms composed of a genome (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid), and sometimes by an envelope
157
What is the lytic cycle
Viral replication cycle in which the virus immediately begins infecting and destroying cells
158
What is the lysogenic cycle
Viral replication cycle in which the virus incorporates itself into the host DNA. After a period of time, the virus begins infecting and destroying the host cell
159
What is a retrovirus
Viruses with an RNA genome that needs to be converted to a DNA genome (HIV)
160
Why is it hard to find a cure for HIV
it mutates very quickly
161
What is a reverse transcriptase
Enzyme that converts RNA to DNA
162
What is transcription
Makes a RNA transcript from a DNA strand (DNA to. mRNA)
163
What are the 3 types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
164
What is mRNA
Takes the chemical message in DNA to the ribosome
165
What is tRNA
Transfers amino acid to the ribosome for protein assembly
166
What is rRNA
RNA that makes up the ribosome
167
What is the structure of RNA
Single strand
168
What are the bases of RNA
A, U, C, G
169
What are the base pairs of RNA
A-U
T-A
C-G
G-C
170
What is RNA made up of
Phosphate group
Simple sugar (ribose)
Nitrogen base pairs
171
What is a codon
Group of three RNA base pairs
172
What is an anticodon
A group of three base pairs found on a tRNA molecule that matches up with the mRNA codon
173
Who is Gregor Mendel
The father of genetics
174
What are genetics
Study of how traits are passed from parents to children
175
What is a genotype
The genetic make up of an organism (HH, Hh, hh)
176
What is a phenotype
How something looks (brown hair)
177
What is a homozygote
Have two of the same size letter (HH or hh)
178
What is heterozygote
Have different size letter (Hh)
179
What does it mean to be dominant
Masks a recessive trait
180
What does it mean to be recessive
Masked by a dominate trait
181
What are Punnett squares
Used to predict the outcome of a mating
182
What is codominance
When both parental phenotype are shown in the offspring (red x white cow= red/white cow)
183
What is incomplete dominance
The two parental phenotypes blen together and a new third phenotype is produced (red x white flower = pink flower)
184
What is recombinant DNA
Insertion of DNA from one species into the DNA of another species
185
What is a transgenic organism
Organisms that contain recombinant DNA. Organisms that have DNA from two different species in the one organism.
186
What are the functions of transgenic organisms
They’ve been used to clean up oil spills, create human insulin, create antibiotica, produce dye, medicines, etc
187
What is gel electrophoresis
The process by which DNA is separated based on size, can determine paternity, who committed crimes, etc
188
What is gene therapy
The insertion of a normal gene into a mutated one in order to cure a genetic disease
189
What is the human genome project
The project that sequences the base pairs of the entire human genome. Helped diagnose and cure many genetic diseases
190
What are restrictions enzymes
Little DNA scissors. Cut genes at specific base pairs
191
What are plasmids
Small circular pieces of DNA in bacteria. Used as vectors to insert new genes into various organisms
192
What is a test cross
Crossing an organism with an unknown genotype with a known one in order to determine the genotype of the unknown
193
What is artificial selection
Teh choosing of specific traits by humans in order to create genetically superior organisms
