bio exam 1

Question 1

most to least weight in scientific inquiry?

Answer 1

1). Theory, 2).Test, 3). Hypothesis 4). Fact

Question 2

what is a theory?

Answer 2

hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and not demonstrated to be false

Question 3

what is a test?

Answer 3

to demonstrate that a hypothesis is false

Question 4

what is a hypothesis?

Answer 4

explanation of the fact

Question 5

what is a fact?

Answer 5

observation about the world and can be confirmed by anyone

Question 6

what is falsification?

Answer 6

experiments or additional observations to to search for errors

Question 7

what is a prediction?

Answer 7

a claim about what will happen in the future

Question 8

What does a prediction include?

Answer 8

If Then statement

Question 9

what do living organisms do and explain them

Answer 9

feeding: acquire carbon and convert to energy
metabolism: growth and maintenance reproduction: in populations evolve and have offspring

Question 10

what is the structural hierarchy?

Answer 10

organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom

Question 11

How are species defined and identified?

Answer 11

Taxonomy, nomenclature, phylogenetics

Question 12

what is taxonomy?

Answer 12

the practice of naming organisms

Question 13

what is nomenclature?

Answer 13

rules for naming groups of organisms

Question 14

what is phylogenetics?

Answer 14

study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Question 15

What are the rules for naming organisms?

Answer 15

1). Capitalize genus name, and lowercase species part
ex. Homo sapiens (should be in italics or underlined)
2). Italicize genus and species names
3). Underline if you are hand writing genus species

Question 16

What is a species?

Answer 16

Group of potentially interbreeding organisms that produce viable offspring?

Question 17

What is viable offspring?

Answer 17

Offspring that is capable of living, developing and reproducing; potential for sex

Question 18

4 things that are not species (break the rules)

Answer 18

1). Asexual clones: bacteria that clone and make copies of themselves (strings)
2). Sterile individuals, hybrids (cannot produce viable offspring)
3).Different time/space (could produce, but are in different places so don’t get the chance too
4). Dinosaurs/fossils

Question 19

What is the biological species concept?

Answer 19

Group of potentially interbreeding organisms that produce viable offspring- working definition of species

Question 20

what does reproductively isolated mean?

Answer 20

organisms that are evolutionarily independent

Question 21

what does pre-zygotic mean?

Answer 21

unsuccessful mating, cannot make a zygote and do not interbreed due to barriers. Egg and zygote never get together

Question 22

what does post zygotic mean?

Answer 22

failure to produce fertile/viable offspring (zygote didn’t do well)

Question 23

What is a zygote:

Answer 23

A fertilized egg

Question 24

What is a unpaired chromosome called?

Answer 24

haploid

Question 25

what is a paired chromosome called?

Answer 25

diploid

Question 26

Pre-zygotic examples (5)

Answer 26

A). Spatial: breeding in different habitats. Can breed, but don't live near each other (Lion & Tiger) produce a sterile hybrid B). Temporal: breeding in different times (different mating seasons) C). Behavioral: courtship displays, (female rifle bird turning down males dance moves) D). Gametic: egg and sperm are not compatible. Attempt, but didn't work E). Mechanical: incompatible reproductive structure (ex. Big and little dog)

Question 27

Post zygotic examples (2)

Answer 27

1).Hybrid unviability: doesn't survive to adulthood. 2). Hybrid sterility: Makes it to adulthood, but can't reproduce

Question 28

What is the morphological species concept?

Answer 28

Group of organisms that are physically/anatomically similar. Based on characteristics/traits (genes)

Question 29

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

Answer 29

smallest cluster or organisms that share a parental pattern of ancestry and descent. groups of organisms that are evolutionarily similar

Question 30

when is it UNHELPFUL to use the biological species concept? (BSC)

Answer 30

When it is an asexual clone, sterile, different time/space, fossils

Question 31

when is it BEST to use the biological species concept? (BSC)

Answer 31

If you can prove reproductive isolation, you know A & B are different species.

Question 32

when is it UNHELPFUL to use the Morphological species concept? (MSC)

Answer 32

When species that look different/ have multiple phases but are the same species (ex. Butterful and cacoons) OR species that look the exact same but are different species

Question 33

When is it BEST to use morphological species concept? (MSC)

Answer 33

when you only have remains of something extinct

Question 34

when is it UNHELPFUL to use the phylogenetic species concept? (PSC)

Answer 34

You need tissue, and appropriate expensive equipment to extract DNA to create phylogenies. Need lots of data to compare

Question 35

What is a phylogeny?

Answer 35

A description of evolutionary history of relationships between ancestors and descendants

Question 36

what is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 36

represents a reconstruction of relative history. best way to investigate evolutionary history and common ancestry.

Question 37

What do the branches on phylogenic trees represent?

Answer 37

Separate lineages. A branch can represent a species or group of species descended from a common ancestor

Question 38

what do the nodes represent on phylogenetic trees?

Answer 38

represent common ancestors.

Question 39

what is a monophyletic group

Answer 39

A Clade ! - a natural group (lineage) that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 40

what is a synapomorphy?

Answer 40

a unique, shared, derived trait. That evolves only once in a common ancestor. It is inherited by all descendants of that common ancestor.

Question 41

True or False: A test is used to prove that your hypothesis is right

Answer 41

FALSE: a test is used to prove that your hypothesis is false!

Question 42

what is sexual dimorphism?

Answer 42

a term used to describe a condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different outward/ physical appearances

Question 43

what is the primary focus of the morphological species concept?

Answer 43

Physical appearance (size, shape, structure)