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Chem > Bio Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Homeostasis?

A

A constant steady state. Unchanging

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1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A

Organization/order, exhibit evolutionary adaptation, respond to their environment, self regulation, energy processing, reproduction, and growth and development

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2
Q

What is a species?

A

In order for two individuals to be considered members of the same species, they have to be able to have children and grandchildren

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3
Q

What are to two major groups of species

A

Producers and consumers

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4
Q

What are producers? What do they make?

A

They are plants/ autotrophs. They take in water and carbondioxide to make sugar.

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5
Q

What are consumers? What do they do?

A

They are humans/heterotrophs. They they eat sugars then make it into water and breath it out.

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6
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest living things on earth. They divide/ reproduce and repair.

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7
Q

What is the chain that every living thing does?

A

DNA —> RNA—> Protein

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8
Q

All living things can be categorized under what three categories?

A

Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya

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9
Q

What are prokaryotes and there characteristics.

A

Bacteria & archea. They are small and simple, have DNA, but do not isolate it in a nucleus. Their chromosomes are circular.

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10
Q

What are eukarotes? And what are some characteristics?

A

Eukarya. They are plants, animals, fungi, insects, fish, etc. They are bigger more complex, linear chromosomes.

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11
Q

What is a cell theory?

A

A theory is a broad group of hypothesis that has been tested over and over.

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12
Q

What is a germ theory?

A

Took bacteria sample from cowA and injected it to cowB and ended up killing the cow.

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13
Q

What is evolution?

A

The non random survival of random variants.

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14
Q

What is natural selection?

A

It is evolutionary adaptation. Because the natural environments select certain traits according to their surroundings

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15
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cant be broken down to other substances by chemical reaction

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16
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance consisting of two or more diferent elements.

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17
Q

What is a proton?

A

Positively charged subatomic particle

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18
Q

What is an electron?

A

A negatively charged subatomic particle

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19
Q

What is a neutron?

A

A neutrally charged subatomic partical.

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20
Q

What is an atomic nucleus?

A

Where the proton and neutrons are packed together in a dense core located in the center of an atom.

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21
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

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22
Q

What is the mass number?

A

of protons + # of neutrons Found at the top.

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23
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

= to the # of protons and electrons

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24
Q

How do you find # of neutrons?

A

Mass # - atomic #

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25
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Diferent forms of the same element. Example: carbon12, carbon13 carbon14

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26
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to cause change bu doing work.

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27
Q

What is potential energy?

A

The energy that matter posseses because of its location or structure. Ex: water on a hill has potential energy becaus of its position and altitude.

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28
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. Ex: water= H2O

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29
Q

Whats a single bond?

A

A pair of shared electrons. Ex H-H

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30
Q

Whats a double bond?

A

Two pairs of shared electrons to complete its most outer shell. Ex: O=O

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31
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

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32
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

When electrons are shared equally

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33
Q

What is a polar covalent bond

A

When the electrons are not shared equally

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34
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

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35
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atome or molecule

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36
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion

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37
Q

Whats and anion?

A

Negatively charged ion

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38
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak chemical bond. A non-covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom. In a water molecule always partial - abd partial +

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39
Q

What are 3 ways to break a hydrogen bond?

A

1) increase temp 2) change PH 3) change salt concentration

40
Q

What is another way to say polar molecule

A

Hydrophilic, meaning it likes to interact with water

41
Q

Another word for non polar

A

Hydrophobic meaning it doesnt like water

42
Q

Whata a chemical reaction?

A

Making and breaking bonds

43
Q

Example of chemical reactions

A

2H2+ O2 —> 2 H2O

44
Q

How much water on earth is drinkable?

A

3%

45
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

1) cohesion & adhesion, 2) temperature moderation, 3) water is less dense when it exists as ice, 4) water is the most common solvent.

46
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Water sticks to water because of hydrogen bonding

47
Q

Whats adhesion

A

Water molecules stick to nonwater molecules only if they are polar molecules.

48
Q

Whats an acid?

A

Anything that donates protons to water. Anything that increases hydrogen ion concentration of water.

49
Q

Whats a base?

A

Anything that removed protons from water. Anything that decreases hydrogen concentration of water.

50
Q

Is water a acid or base?

A

Its both a water & base and neither a water&base. Every H2O splits and adds a H+ bond to water making it acid. But OH and H attract making it water again

51
Q

How is the pH scale layed out?

A

1-6 = increasingly acidic = more Hydrogen ion than a hydroxide. 8-13=increasingly basic= more hydroxide than hydrogen ion. 7=water

52
Q

Whats a buffer?

A

A substance that minimizes changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-. Ex: if blood pH is low, then H+ is high. So kidneys excrese more H+ in urine. This decreases breathing rate and bulids HCO3 (bicarbonate ion) and left overs combine.

53
Q

pH example:

A

If blood pH is high, H+ is low. So kidneys excrete less H+ in urine and increases breathing to get rid of CO2 and cant make HCO3(biocarbonate ion)

54
Q

What organs regulate blood pH?

A

Lungs and Kidneys

55
Q

Whats an alkane?

A

Organic molecule with only single covalent bonds

56
Q

What are Alkenes?

A

Organic molecules with at least one double bond.

57
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Organic molecules with atleast one triple bond.

58
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Specific arrangements of atoms in an organic molecule that act in predictable ways. Ex: OH alcohols, O=C-H is aldehydes, NH2 is amino group

59
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules

60
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. (Many monomers chained together)

61
Q

Whats hydrolosis?

A

Splitting water

62
Q

What is condensation/ dehydration synthesis?

A

Assembling and putting together.

63
Q

What are the four major biological micromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids(fat), proteins, and nucleic acids.

64
Q

What are three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disachrides, and polysacchrides

65
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

They are simple sugars such as glucose and fructose

66
Q

What are dissacchrides?

A

2 monosacchrides put together by a condensation. Ex: sucrose= glucose +fructose. Lactose= glucose+ golactose. (When u eat this u split it up)

67
Q

What are polysacchrides?

A

Many monosacchrides put together by condensation. Serves as storage and structure. Ex: liver store sugars and turns them into fat. Starch is how plants store extra sugar. Cellulose is what plant cell walls are made of.

68
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Inability to control blood sugar levels

69
Q

What is type1 diabetes?

A

Beta cells in pancreas are destroyed so you dont make insulin.

70
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Makes insulin but body cells ignore it. (Most preventable by losing weight)

71
Q

Gestational diabetes?

A

Type 2 diabetes in pregnant women. It increases moms and babys chance of diabetes in later life

72
Q

Drugs/alcohol induced diabetes?

A

Ruin beta cells in pancreas

73
Q

Diabetes insipidus?

A

Doesnt make antidioretic hormones (ADH) this controls urine release. This causes dehydration

74
Q

What two organs can only rely on glucose?

A

Brain and blood cells.

75
Q

What are lipids?

A

Are a diverse group if hydrophobic molecules. They hate water

76
Q

What are 3 major classes of lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

77
Q

Saturated fats?

A

When there are no double bonds and most are hydrogen bonds. It is from animals and appears solid at room temp

78
Q

Unsaturated fats?

A

Has one or more double bonds. This is from plants and appears as a liquid in room temp.

79
Q

Partial hydrogenation?

A

Keeps peanut butter from getting oily for a longer amount of time

80
Q

Why do u need fat?

A

Energy reserve, insulation, mechanical cushion for your organs, and to absorb fat solluable vitamins (A, D, E, K)

81
Q

Whats a phospholipid?

A

Makes up the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

82
Q

Steroids?

A

They all come from cholesterol. They are made in liver, needed to make bile, needed to make sex hormones, needed to stabalize cell membranes

83
Q

Polypeptides?

A

A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

84
Q

What is a protein?

A

A bilogically functional molecule that consist of one or more polypeptide, each folded and coiled into a three d shape

85
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

Organic molecule possesing both an amino group and a carboxyl group.

86
Q

What are 5 jobs of proteins?

A

Defence, transport, structure, communication, and speeding up chemical reactions.

87
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

Protein folding

88
Q

4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertirary, and quaternary

89
Q

Primary structure?

A

Linear sequence of amino acids. Aa-aa-aa-aa-aa

90
Q

Secondary structure?

A

Stabalized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of polypeptide back bone. (Spiral shape)

91
Q

Tertiary structure?

A

Complex 3D shape stabilized between side chains

92
Q

Quaternary structure?

A

Two or more tertirary proteins together.

93
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Any group of long linear micromolecules either DNA or RNA that carry genetic info.

94
Q

Nucleotides of dna:

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

95
Q

Nicleotides of rna:

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

96
Q

Negative feedback loop:

A

Keep things in check and from getting out of control. Ex: maintenance of body temp.

97
Q

Positive feedback loops:

A

Cause more amplification. Reinforce change that is accuring. Ex: child birth. Body increases oxytocin in the blood to encourage contractions in order to give birth.

Chem (1 decks)

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