BIO Exam 2

Question 1

Catabolic Pathway

Answer 1

Breaks down sugars into energy

Question 2

Anabolic Pathway

Answer 2

Creates something from broken down products

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

Cell division resulting in 4 non-identical haploid cells or gametes

Question 4

The cell cycle rotates between Meiosis and …

Answer 4

Interphase

Question 5

Interphase

Answer 5

G1 - cell grows the most
S phase - replication occurs and sister chromatids are formed
G2

Question 6

Meiosis 1

Answer 6

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Question 7

Meiosis: Prophase 1

Answer 7

Sister chromatids and homologous pairs come together to form a tetrad
Crossover Occurs

Question 8

Meiosis: Metaphase 1

Answer 8

The homologous pairs can line up on the metaphase plate
Independent Assortment Occurs

Question 9

Independent Assortment

Answer 9

• The ability for homologous pairs to line up on the metaphase plate independently from one another
• Alleles can enter the gametes independently from one another as long as they are on different chromosomes
• causes variation in gametes

Question 10

Meiosis: Anaphase 1

Answer 10

• The homologous pairs seperate
• The cell now goes from diploid and are now haploid

Question 11

Meiosis: Telophase 1

Answer 11

Cytokinesis occurs

Question 12

Meiosis: Prophase 2

Answer 12

The genetic material condenses again and it gets rid of the nuclear envelope

Question 13

Meiosis: Metaphase 2

Answer 13

The sister chromatids seperate and go towards the poles

Question 14

Meiosis: Telophase 2

Answer 14

• Cytokinesis occurs
• 4 nonidentical haploid cells are made

Question 15

Blended Inheritance

Answer 15

• Inheritance occurs from one parent or the other
• Variety would be lost over time

Question 16

Mendel

Answer 16

Found that you can inherit one trait from both parents

Question 17

Heterozygote

Answer 17

A zygote with two different alleles of the same gene

Question 18

Homozygote

Answer 18

A zygote with two identical alleles of the same gene

Question 19

Phenotype

Answer 19

The physical appearance or expression of trait

Question 20

Genotype

Answer 20

Letters that represent the traits

Question 21

Dihybrid Cross - Unlinked

Answer 21

Phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1
- Cross of two independent traits
- Occurs due to independent assortment

Question 22

Dihybrid Cross - Linked

Answer 22

Phenotypic ratio: 3:1
- Cross of two linked traits
- Shows they are not independently assorted

Question 23

Polyhybrid

Answer 23

• Cross of three or more traits
• Can be solved by multiplication and addition rule only if unlinked

Question 24

Codominance

Answer 24

When both alleles are dominant both alleles are expressed
- If RR and WW are crossed there will be a 100% probability of RW
- Ex: patchy colored fur

Question 25

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 25

When you get an intermediate phenotype - The genotype of the original parents remains discrete and can be expressed in later crosses - Ex: white flower and red flower create pink flower

Question 26

Sex-linked Inheritance

Answer 26

Traits that are linked to sex

Question 27

Human Blood Types

Answer 27

- AA or Ai = A - BB or Bi = B AB = AB ii = O

Question 28

Epistasis

Answer 28

When one gene is going to affect the expression of another gene - Phenotypic ratio: 9:3:4 - brown fur gene and a pigment gene

Question 29

Effect of environment o phenotype

Answer 29

When the environment affects phenotypic expression - Ex: hydrangea flowers, sickle cell

Question 30

Pedigree Analysis

Answer 30

The analysis of a family tree to understand the inheritance of genes from parents to offspring

Question 31

Aneuploidy

Answer 31

Abnormal Chromosome Numbers

Question 32

How do abnormal chromosome numbers occur?

Answer 32

- The homologous pairs are both pulled to one side or fail to separate in meiosis I - The sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II - Results in some gametes having more chromosomes and some having too few

Question 33

Down Syndrom

Answer 33

Caused by the gamete having two extra chromosomes 21 - Results in three chromosomes 21

Question 34

Patau's Syndrom

Answer 34

Caused by having extra chromosome 13

Question 35

Autopolyploid

Answer 35

The cells don't divide properly - Results in extra sets of chromosomes

Question 36

Allopolyploid

Answer 36

Two species with a different number of chromosomes mate and their offspring will have a different number of chromosomes than the parent - offspring can only mate with others of the same cross, but not with the parent species

Question 37

Duplication

Answer 37

Added pieces of genetic material

Question 38

Inversion

Answer 38

Change in order of the nucleotides

Question 39

Translocation

Answer 39

A piece of genetic material goes onto another chromosome

Question 40

Deletion

Answer 40

Removal or loss of genetic material