BIO EXAM 2

Question 1

Clade

Answer 1

A taxonomic group composed of an ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 2

Polarized

Answer 2

In cladistics, to determine whether character states are ancestral or derived

Question 3

Outgroup

Answer 3

A group used to polarize characters that is distantly related to groups under study

Question 4

Synapomorphy

Answer 4

A shared, derived character, common between an ancestor and its descendants

Question 5

Homoplasy

Answer 5

(Like convergent evolution) development of characters that resemble each other and have same function but not a common ancestor

Question 6

Parsimony

Answer 6

Out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest is most likely to be correct

Question 7

Convergent Evolution

Answer 7

The process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs

Question 8

Acquired vs derived traits

Question 9

Monophyletic

Answer 9

A true clade - Most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 10

Paraphyletic

Answer 10

Most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants but not all.

Question 11

Polyphyletic

Answer 11

The most common is not included

Question 12

3 Domains

Question 13

Endosymbiosis and Evidence

Answer 13

Mitochondria (purple non-sulfur bacteria) in animals and chloroplast (cyanobacteria) in plants

Question 14

3 Ways Protists move

Answer 14

Cilia- hair like structures
Flagella- tail like whip
Pseudopods- “Fake feed”

Question 15

Budding Reproduction

Answer 15

Unequal division in mitosis, small bud grows into full size adult.
Parent cell stays in tact.

Question 16

Schizogony

Answer 16

Cell division preceded by several nuclear division

Question 17

Binary Fission

Answer 17

A miotic division where the parent cell becomes two daughter cells- split equally

Question 18

Multicellular Protists

Question 19

Hypha

Answer 19

Each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Question 20

Mycellium

Answer 20

The vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae)

Question 21

Chitin

Answer 21

Polysaccharide make up fungi cell wall

Question 22

Monokaryotic

Answer 22

A cell that contains one nucleus

Question 23

Dikaryotic

Answer 23

A cell that contains two nuclei

Question 24

Heterokaryotic

Answer 24

Condition of having two genetically different nuclei in a cytoplasm of a fungus

Question 25

Homokaryotic

Answer 25

Multinucleate cells where all nuclei are genetically identical

Question 26

Plasmogamy

Answer 26

"union of cytoplasm" only the cytoplasm fuse together and the nuclei remain free

Question 27

Karyogamy

Answer 27

Fusion of two haploid nuclei and formation of a diploid nucleus (zygote)

Question 28

4 Types of reproductive structures

Answer 28

Motile Zoospores Zygosporangia Basidia Asci

Question 29

What do spores do?

Answer 29

Allow fungi to reproduce

Question 30

Types of Symbiosis with Fungi

Answer 30

Faculatory and Obligate

Question 31

What are lichens and what do they do?

Answer 31

Mutual symbiotic relation between fungi and algae.

Question 32

Types of mycorrhizae

Answer 32

Arbuscular mycorrhizae- have hyphae that penetrate the outer cells of the plant root. Do not penetrate the cell plasma membrane Ectomycorrhiza- Hyphae that grow and surround, but do not penetrate the cell walls of the root cells

Question 33

Why are fungal infections difficult to treat in humans

Answer 33

Both are eukaryotic and close phylogenetic relationship between fungi and animals

Question 34

Why do scientists study yeast

Question 35

Microsporidia

Answer 35

Unicellular animal parasite Thought to be protist- has no mitochondria

Question 36

What kind of motile spores do Chytrids produce?

Answer 36

Diploid zoospores

Question 37

Blastocladiomycetes are the only fungi to exhibit what?

Answer 37

Alteration of Generations

Question 38

Neocallimastigomyces

Answer 38

Enzymatically digest the cellulose and lignin of the plant biomass in a animal's grassy diet

Question 39

Zygomycetes

Question 40

Glommeromycetes

Question 41

Basidiomycetes

Question 42

Ascomycota

Question 43

Sexual vs Asexual reproduction

Answer 43

Sexual - haploid to diploid Asexual diploid to diploid