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S2 Y1 > BIO EXAM #2 > Flashcards

BIO EXAM #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the determinants of impact of disturbance?

A

Type, frequency, severity, and spatial extent of disturbance
Resistance and resilience of the community affected

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2
Q

What is succession?

A

Recover of species’s numbers following a disturbance

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3
Q

How many types of succession are there, and what are they?

A

Types: Primary (on newly exposed substrates) and Secondary (on previously disturbed sites)

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4
Q

What determines pattern and rate of species replacement during succession?

A
  1. Role of species traits
  2. Pole of species interactions
  3. Role of historical & environment conditions
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5
Q

What are the key players in energy flow in ecosystems? What do they each do?

A

Producers (plants): Capture energy from sunlight via photosynthesis.

Consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores): Obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

Decomposers (fungi, bacteria): Break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients.

  • Primary consumers eat primary producers
  • Secondary consumers eat primary consumers
  • Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers
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6
Q

How does energy flow between trophic levels?

A

Energy flows between trophic levels through consumption, with only a fraction transferred at each level.

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7
Q

How do molecules/nutrient (e.g. water) cycle between reservoirs?

A

Through Biological cycles: Water, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus etc

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8
Q

What is GPP?

A

GPP: Total energy captured by producers through photosynthesis.

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9
Q

What is NPP?

A

NPP: Energy remaining after subtracting energy used by producers for cellular respiration. NPP represents energy available for consumption.

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10
Q

What is ecosystem functioning?

A

Processes and interactions within an ecosystem contributing to stability and productivity.

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11
Q

What is the global pattern of ecosystem productivity?

A

Terrestrial ecosystems have the highest productivity (usually in trophic area, not in desserts)

Highest productivity oceans occurs in nutrient rich costal areas

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12
Q

What is biodiversity (3 components of the answer)?

A

Biodiversity (biological diversity: Variety of life forms within an ecosystem.

Genetic diversity: total information within all individuals in a population

Species diversity: richness + diversity on a species level

Ecosystem diversity: Species diversity + diversity of interactions with the non-living environment

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13
Q

What is the global pattern of biodiversity?

A

Higher biodiversity in tropical regions compared to temperate and polar regions.

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14
Q

What kinds of threats does biodiversity face? Can you name one type of threat and provide
an example of that type?

A

Threats: Habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, invasive species, overexploitation.

Example: Habitat destruction - Deforestation threatens rainforest biodiversity.

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15
Q

How does biodiversity affect ecosystem functioning? Why? Can you explain this in the
context of species interactions?

A

Biodiversity contributes to ecosystem stability and productivity by providing species performing various ecological roles (e.g., nutrient cycling, pollination, pest control).

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16
Q

What causes climate change/global warming in the 21st century? What are the biological effects of climate change?

A

Causes: Human activities (burning fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial processes) releasing greenhouse gases.

Biological effects: Shifts in species distributions, altered phenology, increased frequency of extreme weather events.

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17
Q

What is evolution? What are five processes we covered in class contributing to evolution?

A

Evolution: Change in species over time via accumulation of genetic variations.

Processes: Natural selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, speciation.

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18
Q

What are the definitions for the two processes of evolution that we went through in class
(natural selection and mutation)? Can you distinguish between them in terms of their
individual impacts on genetic variation and fitness? Can you provide one example for each?

A

Natural selection: Traits advantageous for survival and reproduction become more common. Acts on existing variation.

Mutation: New genetic variations arise. Introduces new variation.

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19
Q

What is an Allele?

A

Allele: Variant form of a gene responsible for a specific trait.

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20
Q

What is a Gene?

A

Gene: Unit of heredity transferred from parents to offspring, determining a characteristic.

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21
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.

Phenotype: Observable characteristics resulting from genotype and environmental interaction.

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22
Q

What is a Recessive Allele?

A

Expressed only in homozygous condition when paired with another recessive allele.

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23
Q

What is a Dominant Allele?

A

Expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous conditions.

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24
Q

If I give you the genotypes of two parents, can you find out all possible genotypes that the
offspring may have? Can you calculate genotype frequency for each?

A

Yes, through a punnet square

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25
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What is its assumptions?
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: Allele and genotype frequencies remain constant in a population from generation to generation. Assumptions: Large population size, random mating, no migration, no mutation, no natural selection.
26
If I give you allele frequency in a population and the calculation on the expected frequency after a generation, can you spot errors and provide explanations in the calculation?
Errors may result from violations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions (e.g., non-random mating, migration, mutation, natural selection).
27
Allee Affect
A density dependent in which population growth increases as population size increase within a finite range
28
Np+1 = fu (Np(t)) + K
P= period of disturbance Np= #of fish at the pth disturbance u= interval between disturbances fu(Np)= between harvest, population size of fish increases following the logistic growth with Allee effect
29
Role of species traits: Pioneering species
Species that adapt well for growth in disturbed conditions w/h high reproductive rate in the absence of other species
30
Role of species interactions: Facilitation
One species creates conditions that make it easier for another species to establish or thrive in an environment. H
31
Role of species interactions: inhibition
Refers to situations where one species directly or indirectly limits the growth, survival, or reproduction of another species.
32
Ecosystem
Community (biotic) + abiotic components (soil, water, climate, atmosphere)
33
Ecosystem ecology
Study of how energy and nutrient/chemicals flow through an ecosystem
34
Primary producers
An organism that synthesizes it's own food from inorganic sources
35
Consumers
Organisms that eat living organisms
36
Decomposers
Organisms that obtain energy by feeding on remains of other organisms or waste products Ex: fungi, dung beetles
37
Trophic level/same organisms
Organisms that obtain energy from the same types of sources are on the same trophic level Ex: Trees, grasses, shrubs etc
38
Biomagnification
Persistent chemical sin concentrations at higher levels of food chain
39
Trophic level
A trophic level is a position in an ecosystem's food chain where organisms share similar roles in obtaining energy. Each trophic level shows who eats whom in the ecosystem and how energy moves through it. (Producers, primary, secondary, tertiary consumers)
40
How does energy transfer ?
Energy transfers when one organism consumes another
41
Biogeochemical cycle
A biogeochemical cycle is a pathway through which a chemical substance moves through both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of an ecosystem. It involves the transfer and transformation of elements and compounds essential for life, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, water, and oxygen. These cycles play crucial roles in regulating nutrient availability, climate, and ecosystem dynamics.
42
What are the nature and sizes of reservoirs?
43
Reservoir
An area/compartment where elements are stored for a short period
44
How fast do elements move in biogeochemical cycles?
Elements move at different speeds through ecosystems. Some move quickly, taking days to months, while others move slowly, taking years to centuries. Ex of fast: Biological processes (photosynthesis, respiration etc) Ex of slow: Physical processes(erosion, weathering etc)
45
What drives elements to move in Biogeochemical cycles?
Biological Processes: Activities like photosynthesis and decomposition move elements through organisms. Physical Processes: Erosion and water movement transport elements from place to place. Chemical Reactions: Reactions in air, soil, and water change how elements move. Human Activities: Farming, industry, and burning fuels can speed up element movement. Climate and Environment: Weather, soil conditions, and ecosystem changes affect how fast elements move.
46
How are human actives affecting movement of elements between reservoirs?
Human activities alter the movement of elements between reservoirs through processes like deforestation, fertilizer use, industrial pollution, fossil fuel combustion, mining, waste disposal, water management, and climate change. These activities disrupt natural nutrient cycles, contaminate ecosystems, and affect biodiversity and human health.
47
How does one biochemical cycle influence another?
Biogeochemical cycles are interconnected, meaning that changes in one cycle can influence others. Ex: Nitrogen and Carbon Cycles: Nitrogen availability affects carbon cycling through its influence on plant growth and productivity. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria enhance soil fertility, promoting plant growth and carbon uptake during photosynthesis.
48
Tree of life
1. Majority of life is microbial 2. Prokarya: Bactria Eukaryote: mammal, plants 3. Humans are more similar genetically similar to a banana than to bacteria Tree of Life provides a framework for understanding the unity and diversity of life on Earth, highlighting the interconnectedness of all living organisms and their shared evolutionary heritage.
49
Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat destruction - Deforestation Pollution - Excessive Light, human waste Climate change - Changes in weather (droughts, floods etc) Invasive species - Snails, crayfish in china - Overexploitation - Excessive fish and plant harvest
50
Name two types of ecosystem services and an example of each?
Supporting services -Pollination Regulating services -Water purification
51
Resilience
Measure of how quickly a community recovers from perturbation (disturbance or alteration of a biological system or process)
52
Resistant
Extent to which an ecological entity remains unchanged during a perturbation
53
Stability
resistance + resilience
54
Global Ecology
The study of how organisms interact with their expansive environments on a planetary scale
55
Global warming
Increase in the average temperature of the planet
56
Global Climate Change
Sum of all changes in local temp. and precipitation that result from global warming
57
Cause of climate change
MORE GREENHOUSE GASES (e.e. CO2, CH4, N2O)
58
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases trap heat that's been radiated from Earth and prevents if from being lost to the universe, increasing the temp. of the Earth
59
Consequences of Climate Change
1. Impacts water cycling and lowers soils moisture. Photosynthesis relies on water.. 2. Reinforcement of positive & Negative feedback - Elevated CO2 causes soil bacteria to produce methane - Warmer & drier weathers increase frequency of forest fires producing more CO2 3. Biological effects of climate change - Exitinction
60
Biological effects of climate Change
A. Geographical Rage Shifts - Mountain pine beetles are spreading north and east, debating pine forests B. Phenology Shifts - Persistence of white coats in hares even after snow has melted in spring C. Extinction -Species that aren't able to survive /reproduce under new physical or biological condition. Ex: Some dessert lizards D. Acidification - The ocean is becoming more acidic as it absorbs CO2. Ex: the erosion of mollusk shells..
61
Effect on NPP
- On average, global terrestrial NPP decreases - Decreasing NPP lowers photosynthesis, which then lowers absorption of CO2 = more climate change - Change in NPP can combine with other factors, including acidification, to alter food web dynamics

S2 Y1 (7 decks)

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