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bio lab exam > Bio exam 2 > Flashcards

Bio exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nucluiod?

A

DNA floating in the middle pf a cell

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2
Q

What type of cell contains membrane bound organelles?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

where is the Endomembrane system?

A

inside of a cell membrane

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4
Q

Does smooth ER have ribosomes?

A

no

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5
Q

Does rough ER have ribosomes?

A

yes

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6
Q

Parts in an endomembrane system

A

Nucleus, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Are vacuoles mobile?

A

They can be but they also can be stationary

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8
Q

Are vacuoles large or small?

A

large

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9
Q

What is an immobile vacuole’s job?

A

Store water and then squeeze the water into the cytosol

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10
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

break down unneeded parts of the cell

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11
Q

Which membrane in a mitochondrion is folded up?

A

Inner membrane

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12
Q

Which membrane in a mitochondrion has more surface area?

A

Inner membrane

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13
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

To make ATP

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14
Q

What does the mitochondrion matrix store?

A

Its DNA

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15
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast?

A

to make sugar

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16
Q

What is the plants process of making sugar called?

A

photosynthesis

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17
Q

what do you have to have in the same cell to make it an autotroph?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

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18
Q

what is an autotroph?

A

can make its own food

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19
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

push plasma membrane out and back in again to move, while maintaining cell shape

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20
Q

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

A

cilia are short, flagella are long

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21
Q

what do intermediate filaments do?

A

anchor the nucleus

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22
Q

what do microtubles do?

A

form spindle, maintain cell shape

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23
Q

what is the function of cilia and flagella?

A

to help movement

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24
Q

what does ER stand for?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

What type of cells are mitochondrion in?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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26
Q

what is the green pigment in chloroplasts?

A

chlorophyll

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27
Q

microfilaments have what subunit?

A

actin

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28
Q

intermediate filaments have what proteins?

A

keratin

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29
Q

microtubules have what kind of dimer?

A

tubulin

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30
Q

What kingdom has peptidoglycan

A

bacteria

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31
Q

what kingdom has cellulose?

A

plants

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32
Q

what kingdom has chitin?

A

fungi

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33
Q

plant tissues are made out of what?

A

plasmodesma(ta)

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34
Q

what are plasmodesma?

A

tunnels built in-between cell walls that things can pass through like biomolecules

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35
Q

where is the extracellular matrix?

A

outside of the cell

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36
Q

what is the extracellular matrix made out of?

A

proteins mainly collagen

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37
Q

what to tight junctions do?

A

create a seal to prevent anything from leaking between 2 animal cells that are a part of the same tissue

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38
Q

what are the 4 things all cells have in common?

A

plasma membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytosol

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39
Q

what biomolecule are plasma membranes made out of?

A

phospholipid

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40
Q

what does amphipathic mean?

A

both states

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41
Q

the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid is what?

A

phosphate group, negative charge, attracts water

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42
Q

Hydrophobic tails are what?

A

fatty acids, uncharged so they don’t attract water

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43
Q

plasma mebrane is a phospholipid what?

A

bilayer

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44
Q

all heads of a phospholipid have what charge?

A

negative

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45
Q

what direction do the heads on a phospholipid face?

A

outwards

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46
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

protein tunnels between cells so things can pass back and forth

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47
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

to maintain shape

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48
Q

how is plasma membrane fluidity regulated?

A

phospholipid structure, cholesteral (spacer)

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49
Q

what helps facilitated diffusion?

A

protein channels or carriers

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50
Q

what are the stacks of plasma membrane in a chloroplasts called?

A

thylakoids

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51
Q

an ampipathic molecule is what?

A

both uncharged and charged meaning they are hydrophillic and hydrophobic

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52
Q

what type of transport doesn’t need energy?

A

passive

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53
Q

what type of transport needs energy?

A

active

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54
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water

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55
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

56
Q

isotonic solution

A

both sides have equal concentration

57
Q

hypotonic solution

A

outside of the cell has a lower concentration than the inside of the cell

58
Q

hypertonic solution

A

inside of the cell has a higher concentration than the inside of the cell

59
Q

what type of energy is stored in a molecules bonds?

A

chemical energy

60
Q

what is cellular metabolism?

A

ALL chemical reactions taking place in a cell

61
Q

endergonic reaction

A

energy must be put in (chemical energy)

62
Q

exergonic reaction

A

energy release

63
Q

what controls where and when chemical reactions happen?

A

enzymes

64
Q

enzymes end in what

A

“ase”

65
Q

enzymes are what type of biomolecule?

A

proteins

66
Q

inhibitors do what?

A

slow down enzymes

67
Q

is the plasma membrane fluid?

A

yes, always

68
Q

what type of transport does the net movement go against the concentration gradient?

A

active

69
Q

endocytosis and exocytosis refer to what?

A

bulk transport

70
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

bulk transport into the cell

71
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

bulk transport out of the cell

72
Q

removing phosphate groups from ATP does what?

A

releases chemical energy

73
Q

what is ATP hydrolysis?

A

breaking the covalent bond to make chemical energy and putting water in, (using ATP)

74
Q

is cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?

A

highly exergonic

75
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol

76
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, H+, H2O

77
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

78
Q

pyruvate is modified to become what?

A

acetyl coenzyme A

79
Q

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation per glucose?

A

PER GLUCOSE: 2 acetyl coenzyme A, 2 NADH, H+, CO2

80
Q

in what part of cellular respiration is pyruvate changed into acetyl coenzyme A?

A

pyruvate oxidation

81
Q

in glycolysis glucose turns into what?

A

2 pyruvate

82
Q

what is the middle ground between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis?

A

2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

83
Q

what starts the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

84
Q

how many rounds of the citric acid cycle?

A

2

85
Q

What are the electron carriers in the citric acid cycle?

A

NAD+, FAD

86
Q

How many electrons do the electron carriers carry?

A

2

87
Q

What does NAD+ turn into when it gains 2 electrons?

A

NADH

88
Q

what does FAD turn into when it gains 2 electrons?

A

FADH2

89
Q

what is the 1st reaction of the citric acid cycle?

A

S-CoA gets removed, acetyl is left over

90
Q

acetyl and oxaloacetate together makes what?

A

Citrate (citric acid)

91
Q

how many carbons are in acetyl and oxaloacetate?

A

acetyl - 2C, oxaloacetate - 4C

92
Q

what is the main reason for the citric acid cycle?

A

extracting electrons

93
Q

what are the products per glucose of the citric acid cycle?

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 2 oxaloacetate, H+, CO2

94
Q

where does oxidation phosphorylation occur?

A

mitochondrion, more specifically: inner membrane, matrix, intermembrane space

95
Q

what is the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

series of molecules (many are proteins) mostly embedded in mitochondrial inner membrane

96
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

facilitated diffusion of H+

97
Q

which part of cellular respiration is actively pumping H+ through ATP synthase?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

98
Q

how many ATP are made per 3-4 H+ diffusing through ATP synthase?

A

1

99
Q

1 NADH = ___ electron flow = ___ H+ pumping = ___ chemiosmosis= ___ ATP

A

more, 2.5

100
Q

1 FADH2= ___ electron flow = ___ H+ pumping = ___ chemiosmosis= ___ ATP

A

less, 1.5

101
Q

How many ATP are made during cellular respiration?

A

30 OR 32 ATP

102
Q

how many ATP are made in glycolysis?

A

2

103
Q

how many ATP are made in citric acid cycle?

A

2

104
Q

how many ATP are made in oxidative phosphoylation?

A

26 or 28

105
Q

what are many respiration enzymes controlled by?

A

feeback

106
Q

where does your body get the biomolecules used in cellular respiration?

A

by eating them

107
Q

Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

108
Q

what happens if O2 is unavailable?

A

fermentation

109
Q

Where does the DNA, ribosomes live?

A

the matrix

110
Q

cellular respiration is a series of?

A

chemical reactions

111
Q

what is happening when glucose is changing into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 2 pyruvate?

A

splitting in half

112
Q

What is the reason for glycolysis?

A

to make NADH

113
Q

What does NADH represent?

A

extracting electrons from glucose?

114
Q

what is a catabolic reaction?

A

bond breaking to cause energy release

115
Q

what is an anabolic reaction?

A

bond making that requires energy

116
Q

what does EA stand for?

A

energy of activation

117
Q

what is energy of activation?

A

energy barrier

118
Q

what is using ATP called?

A

ATP hydrolysis

119
Q

what does NAD+ stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

120
Q

what does H+ mean?

A

proton

121
Q

oxidation is what of electrons?

A

loss

122
Q

reduction is a what of electrons?

A

gain

123
Q

does NADH have electrons?

A

yes, its carrying electrons

124
Q

does NAD+ have electrons?

A

no, it already dropped them off or hasn’t picked them up yet

125
Q

what does reduction oxidation reaction (redox) mean?

A

something is gaining electrons and something is losing electrons

126
Q

why is there 2 rounds of the citric acid cycle?

A

because you start with 2 acetyl coenzyme A

127
Q

which complex does NADH go to?

A

1

128
Q

which complex does FADH2 go to?

A

2

129
Q

what is step 1 of fermentation?

A

glycolysis

130
Q

what is step 2 of fermentation?

A

NAD+ regeneration (2 NADH -> 2 NAD+

131
Q

what is ATP synthase?

A

enzyme that makes ATP

132
Q

what is ATP synthesis?

A

the process that ATP synthase goes through to make ATP

133
Q

what is the reaction for ATP synthesis?

A

ADP+Pi(+not sure how many H+)=ATP

134
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

135
Q

what does Pi stand for in ATP synthesis?

A

phosphate group

bio lab exam (3 decks)

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