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Bio Exam 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Several characteristics that made fruit flies a convenient organism for genetic studying

A

Produce many offspring
Generation can be bred over 2 weeks
Only 4 pairs of chromosomes

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2
Q

What does the Y chromosome do?

A

Development of testes

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3
Q

A recessive X linked trait to be expressed

A

A female needs two copies of the allele (homozygous)

A male needs only one copy of the allele (hemizygous)

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4
Q

Disorders caused be recessive alleles on the X chromosome

A

Color blindness
Duchenne muscular distrophy
Hemophilia

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5
Q

Female

A

XX

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6
Q

Male

A

XY

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7
Q

Barr body

A

The inactive x condenses

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8
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes that are located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together

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9
Q

Parental type

A

Offering with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes

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10
Q

Recombinant types (recombinations)

A

Offspring with no parental phenotypes, a new combination of traits

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11
Q

Genetic map

A

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

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12
Q

Linkage map

A

Genetic map if a chromosome based on recombination frequencies

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13
Q

Map units

A

1% combination frequency

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14
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis as a result a gamete received two of the same or no copy

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15
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurs

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16
Q

Monosomic zygote

A

Has only one copy of a particular chromosome

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17
Q

Trisomic zygote

A

Has 3 copies of a particular chromosome

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18
Q

Polyploidy

A

A condition where an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

Breakage of chromosomes can lead to four types of changes in chromosome structure

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

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20
Q

Drown syndrome

A

An aneuploid condition that results from three copies of chromosome 21

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21
Q

Genetic imprinting

A

Involves the silencing of certain genes depending on which parent passes them on

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22
Q

Extranuclear genes

A

Found in cytoplasm

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23
Q

Virus

A

Dna (sometimes rna) enclosed by a protective coat of protien

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24
Q

Chargaffs rules

A

The base composition of dna varies between species

In any species the number of A and T bases is equal and the number of G and C bases are equal

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25
Origins of replication
Where the two dna strands are separated opening up a bubble
26
Helicases
Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks
27
Single stranded binding proteins
Bind to and stabilize single stranded dna
28
Topoisonerase
Receives the strain of twisting of the double helix by breaking swiveling and rejoining dna strands
29
Primer
The initial nucleotide chain is a short rna
30
Primase
Primer is synthesized by this enzyme
31
Dna polymerases
Catalyze the synthesis of new dna at a replication fork
32
Nuclease
Cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of dna
33
A mother who has a dominant disorder will pass her alleles to her children
True
34
Two genes close together linked will have a greater crossover frequency?
False
35
What term did Griffith use to explain a non pathogenic bacteria turned into a pathogenic bacterium
Transformation
36
Dna contains?
Phosphorus
37
A sample of Dna contains 10% adenine. What is the percent of nucleotide guinine?
40
38
A sample of dna contains 30% adenine. What percent of the nucleotide thymine
30
39
During DNA replication prokaryotes have a single origin of replication?
True
40
Which strand is anti parallel to a stand in the 3’ to 5’ direction?
5’ to 3’
41
Telomerase is found in all cells germ and somatic ?
False
42
What is a telomere
Ends of chromosomes
43
What is responsible for unwinding the DNA strand?
Helicase
44
What enzyme during DNA replication had proofreading capabilities?
DNA polymerase
45
What anticodon for the MRNA sequence 5’GcG 3’ is?
3’ cgc 5’
46
Transcription
The synthesis of rna using information in the dna
47
What does transcription produce
Messenger rna
48
Translation.
The synthesis of a polypeptide using information in the mRNA
49
Ribosomes
Site of translation
50
Primary transcription
The initial rna transcript from any gene prior to processing
51
DNA > rna > protien
True
52
Three stages of transcription
Initiation Elongation Termination
53
Each end of a pre mRNA molecule is modified in a particular way
The 5’ end receives a modifies nucleotide 5’ cap The 3’ end gets a poly a tail
54
Spliceosomes
Consist of a variety of proteins and several small rnas that recognize the splice stores, rna of splicesome also catalyze the splicing reaction
55
3 properties of rna enable it to function as an enzyme
It can form a 3d structure because of its ability to base pair with itself Some bases in rna contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis Rna may hydrogen bond with other nucleus acid molecules
56
P site
Holds the tRNA that Carrie’s the growing polypeptide chain
57
A site
Holds the tRNA that Carrie’s the next amino acid to be added to the chain
58
E site
The exit site where discharged tRNA leave the ribosome
59
Nucleotide pair substitution
Replaces one nucleotide and it’s partner with another pair of nucleotide
60
Silent mutations
Have no effect in the amino acids
61
Missense mutations
Still code for an amino acid but not the correct amino acid
62
Nonsense mutations
Change and amino acid codon into a stop codon most lead to a nonfunctional protien

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