Bio Exam Review

Question 1

taxonomy

Answer 1

the science of categorizing organisms into groups with similar characteristics

Question 2

bacteria

Answer 2

prokaryotic cells without a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 3

archaebacteria

Answer 3

heterotrophs and extremophiles (live in extreme conditions)

Question 4

species

Answer 4

a group of organism that breed to reproduce viable and fertile children

Question 5

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 5

developed the system of taxonomy

Question 6

phylogeny

Answer 6

the study of how organisms are related to eachother

Question 7

absorptive heterotrophs

Answer 7

energy needed by externally digesting food and absorbing those products

Question 8

conjugation

Answer 8

addition of a plasmid from one prokaryote to another

Question 9

The Greek Orphics

Answer 9

Believed time was in the form of an ouroboros (serpent) that wrapped around the world

Question 10

Thales

Answer 10

Greek philosopher that believed Earth came naturally, not from the gods

Question 11

Anaximander

Answer 11

Pupil of Thales, proposed that organisms came from the mud and all life came from then sea

Question 12

Empedocles

Answer 12

The “Father of Evolution”, believed life came spontaneously from the mud and plants came, then animals

Question 13

Ovists

Answer 13

Believed God placed mini humans into Eve’s ovary and sex triggered the development of these humans

Question 14

Animalcultists

Answer 14

Thought the head of sperm was the head of a mini human and during sex, that human is implanted into the female

Question 15

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 15

Grandpa of Charles Darwin, know for study of nature and poetry

Question 16

Charles Lyell

Answer 16

Lawyer with ideas about geology. Developed evidence that Earth isn’t a static entity but changes over time.

Question 17

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 17

Had similar ideas of natural selection and evolution as Darwin, he sent a letter that Darwin published

Question 18

Genetic variation

Answer 18

the variation of physical traits in a population bc of genetics

Question 19

Genetic drift

Answer 19

Traits that change in populations slowly over time due to chance

Question 20

Fossil record

Answer 20

The fossils and the order they appear

Question 21

Radiometric dating

Answer 21

Method used to figure out the age of rocks and fossils within each layer of rock

Question 22

Vestigial structures

Answer 22

Characteristics that don’t have an advantage or disadvantage

Question 23

Disruptive selection

Answer 23

2 extreme traits are each selected over others which makes moderate traits disappear

Question 24

Stabilizing selection

Answer 24

When extreme traits are selected against and makes a moderate trait more obvious

Question 25

Directional selection

Answer 25

When a trait moves over time towards an extreme

Question 26

Divergent evolution

Answer 26

The process of 2+ related species becoming more and more different

Question 27

Parallel evolution

Answer 27

2 species start with similar characteristics and evolve similar traits during a similar time period due to similar selective pressures. Never interact

Question 28

Coevolution

Answer 28

Joint change of 2 or more species in close interaction

Question 29

Pre-zygotic barrier: geographical isolation

Answer 29

Species exist in the same general area but the sub-population keeps to itself

Question 30

Pre-zygotic barrier: ethological

Answer 30

Not every animal is attracted to every creature of opposite sex

Question 31

Post-zygotic barrier

Answer 31

Occurs only in hybrid species (donkey + horse = mule)

Question 32

Allopatric speciation

Answer 32

Species exist in geographical range but are separated physically causing 2 species to appear

Question 33

Peripatric speciation

Answer 33

Species that live in the same geographic location but a part of the species leaves and creates 2 new species

Question 34

Parapatric speciation

Answer 34

Sub population branches into new territory adjacent to original territory. Different selective pressures causes the new sub-pop to develop new traits

Question 35

Sympatric speciation

Answer 35

A new species arises without any geological or ecological barriers, rather due to male/female preferences

Question 36

Gradualism

Answer 36

When a species goes through a minor change, if it gives an advantage it becomes a dominant trait. If it isn't advantageous or disadvantageous it could either disappear or prevail. The disadvantageous trait could cause the species to go extinct.

Question 37

Taphonomy

Answer 37

Paleontology that deals with the process of fossilization

Question 38

Uniformiatrianism

Answer 38

The idea that species are always changing, but slowly and uniformly over time

Question 39

Punctuated equilibrium theory

Answer 39

Started by "catastrophists" who believed the Earth is billions of years old as opposed to thousands. Gaps in fossil record were times of catastrophe, almost destroying all life

Question 40

Haploid number

Answer 40

Total number of chromosomes in a gamete

Question 41

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 41

Pair of chromosomes similar in length, bands, centromere position. Carry genes that control the same traits, the last one of these pairs is the sex chromosomes

Question 42

Diploid cell

Answer 42

Human cell with 46 chromosomes

Question 43

Sister chromatids

Answer 43

Chromosomes made by DNA during interphase

Question 44

Genome

Answer 44

Master blueprint for all cell structures and functions

Question 46

Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)

Answer 46

Heart and kidney developmental disorders

Question 47

Trisomy 16

Answer 47

Miscarriage, incapable of life

Question 48

Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome)

Answer 48

Cognitive and developmental delays

Question 49

Null alleles

Answer 49

When genetic locus fails to express any protein or is dysfunctional

Question 50

Mutation

Answer 50

A change in the genetic code of an organism

Question 51

Non-lethal mutation

Answer 51

Results in loss of a function

Question 52

Neutral mutation

Answer 52

Cause a change in gene expression, has no positive or negative effect

Question 53

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 53

Homozygous recessive, when the gene that codes for protein to pump chloride ions in lung is gone, fluid accumulates

Question 54

Huntington's disease

Answer 54

Little to no symptoms until patient is between 35-45, often results in early death

Question 55

Carcinogenesis

Answer 55

Caused by carcinogenic things (ie smoke), which cause mutations to the cells like effecting when a cell dies