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SCIENCE EXAM REVISION > Bio Exam Revision > Flashcards

Bio Exam Revision Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What are Organelles?

A

Organelles are small, specialized structures within cells.

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2
Q

What are cells made up of?

A

Cell Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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3
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A

The cell membrane is a carrier around the cell that allows materials to pass in and out of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell that provides structure and contains smaller parts of the cell.

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5
Q

What is the Nucleus of the cell

A

The control center of the cell and contains the DNA

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6
Q

What is the Mitochondrion?

A

Provides energy for the cell through cellular respiration. (plural: mitochondria)

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7
Q

Where are proteins formed?

A

Proteins are formed in Ribosomes

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8
Q

What is a Cell Wall?

A

A cell wall provides rigid support and protection for plant and fungal cells.

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9
Q

What is a Chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells

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10
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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11
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of cells

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12
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

It contains the genetic code for every structure and function in an organism.

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13
Q

What does DNA determine?

A

DNA determines inherited characteristics

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14
Q

Every person has unique DNA. True or False?

A

True

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15
Q

What can DNA be used for?

A

It can be used in forensics to place people at a crime scene.`

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16
Q

Why is your DNA unique?

A

Your DNA is a unique combination of genetic material passed down from your parents so it is unique.

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17
Q

What are Nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides are molecules that make up DNA.

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18
Q

What are the three main parts of the nucleotide molecules?

A
  • A Phosphate group
  • A Deoxyribose sugar
  • A nitrogenous base
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19
Q

What is the structure of DNA called?

A

The structure of DNA is called a double helix.

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20
Q

Explain the structure of DNA.

A
  • The sugar and phosphate make up the sides of the
    DNA ladder.
  • The nitrogenous bases make up the steps of the l
    adder and fill the middle. these bases are bonded with
    hydrogen bonds.
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21
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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22
Q

What nitrogenous bases pair with each other?

A
  • Adenine and Thymine
  • Guanine and Cytosine
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23
Q

What is the form of DNA called?

A

The form of DNA is called chromatin

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24
Q

What does DNA do when a cell is ready to reproduce

A

When a cell prepares to reproduce, the DNA condenses into a tight package known as a chromosome

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25
How many chromosomes do most cells in a human body contain?
46 chromosomes
26
When can chromosomes be visible?
When a cell gets ready to reproduce, the chromosomes can be visible from the nucleus of the cell.
27
How many cells do offspring get from each parent?
23 chromosomes come from the father and 23 from the mother.
28
what is unraveled DNA in the nucleus called?
Chromatin
29
What are the two copies of DNA that a chromosome can have?
- Single stranded - Double stranded
30
What is the point in the middle where chromatids join at called?
Centromere
31
All 46 chromosomes in a human are organized into ...
Pairs.
32
What are the pairs human chromosomes are organized into known as?
Homologous pairs
33
___ of each homologous pair is inherited from each parent.
- One (23 from your mother and 23 from your father)
34
What are the first 22 homologous pair called?
Autosomes.
35
What do Autosomes determine?
The determine the general characteristics.
36
What are the last two chromosomes in a human karyotype called?
Sex chromosomes. They determine the gender of the individual.
37
What chromosome homologous pair Male and Female?
- XX = Female - XY = Male
38
What are Genes?
DNA in chromosomes consists of small sections that are called genes, which determine characteristics of an organism.
39
What does genes being arranged in different orders determine.
The different orders in which nitrogenous bases are arranged within a gene, are what gives the individual their unique characteristics.
40
Why do family members often share similar traits?
This is because genes are passed from parents to offspring.
41
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself in preparation for cell division.
42
How many stages does DNA replication occur in?
DNA replication occurs in two stages.
43
What cell/s in your body do not contain a nucleus with chromosomes made of DNA in it?
Red blood cells.
44
What happens in stage 1 of DNA replication?
Individual strands of the double helix unwind and separate from each other, exposing the nitrogenous bases.
45
What happens in stage 2 of DNA replication?
Within the nucleus there are free nucleotides which are not part of a DNA chain. These free nucleotides connect to the exposed nitrogenous bases following complementary base pairing rules (A + T, G + C). This forms two strands of DNA which are both identical.
46
What happens in stage 3 of DNA replication?
The replication process in now complete. The two new DNA strands are "proofread" by enzymes. Any errors are corrected.
47
Why is DNA replication important?
Cells need to divide frequently to allow the body to frow and repair. e.g. When you get a cut or a graze skin cells have to divide to repair the damage.
48
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is a from of asexual reproduction that occurs in somatic cells. ( somatic cells are all cells except sex cells)
49
What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is a form of sexual reproduction that occurs in gametes. ( sex cells )
50
Name two differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
- Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction - Mitosis occurs in only somatic cells - Meiosis is a from of sexual reproduction. - Meiosis only occurs in gametes
51
What are the phases that mitosis occurs in ( in order )?
- Interphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
52
What happens in Interphase?
Most of cell's life is spend in interphase and it includes the general day to day processes of the cell. - In this phase chromosomes are copied - This is done to produce two exact copies of DNA at the end of Mitosis. - During interphase, the DNA appears in chromatin form.
53
What happens during prophase?
The nuclear membrane disappears. Spindle fibres from, which are fine fibres that help to move and split chromosomes during cell division. - By the end of prophase, each chromosome and its copy condense to form a double stranded chromosome.
54
What happens in Metaphase?
- The double stranded chromosomes move to the equator of the cell. - Double stranded chromosomes are lined up along the equator of the cell - Spindle fibres are attached to the centromeres of the double stranded chromosomes
55
What happens in Anaphase?
- Spindle fibres contract and pull the double stranded chromosomes apart. - Sister chromatids separate at the centromere. - Anaphase ends when the chromatids are at opposite poles of the cell. - poles of a cell are the opposite ends of the cell.
56
What happens in the Telophase?
- The spindle fibres disappear - Two new nuclear membranes form around the two bundles of chromatids. - Each chromatid is identical to both each other and to the parent cell - As the new nuclear membranes from the chromosomes unravel again to from chromatin.
57
What is cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is when complete daughter cells re-enter interphase until the cell is ready to divide again.
58
What happens to daughter cells during cytokinesis?
- Each daughter cell now has an identical copy of DNA, which is also identical to the parent cell. - Each daughter cell now has it's own cytoplasm and nucleus.
59
What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is a from of cell division that only occurs in formatino of gametes.
60
What is the function of Meiosis?
The function of Meiosis is to create daughter cells (gametes) which are genetically different to their parent cells.
61
Why is Meiosis important?
Meiosis is important because it allows for genetic variation between parents and their offspring through sexual reproduction.
62
How many nuclear divisions does meiosis occur over?
- 2 - Meiosis I - Meiosis II
63
What does Meiosis I do?
Meiosis I reduces the number of chromosomes in the cell from 46 to 23 Meiosis II increases the number of daughter cells produced from 2 to four
64
What happens in Prophase I
Meiosis I begins Nuclear membrane disappears Spindle fibres form Chromatin condenses to from 46 double stranded chromosomes

SCIENCE EXAM REVISION (1 decks)

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