Bio exam weeks 1-5

Question 1

What is the definition of Deductive reasoning?

Answer 1

uses general principal of law to forecast specific results

Question 2

What is the definition of inductive reasoning

Answer 2

uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

Question 3

Who was the father of the scientific method

Answer 3

Francis bacon

Question 4

What is the order of the scientific method

Answer 4

Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion.

Question 5

Who created the theory of spontaneous generation

Answer 5

Aristotle

Question 6

Who proved spontaneous generation wrong

Answer 6

Louis Pasteur ( life comes from life)

Question 7

What are the characteristics all life on earth has?

Answer 7

1.) Order ( has cells)
2.) Response to stimuli (Plants moving towards the light)
3.) Reproduction
4.) Adaptation(can change accordingly to their environment)
5.) Growth and Development (will grow up similar to how their parents did physically)
6.) Regulation/ can maintain homeostasis (can maintain internal conditions no matter the environment)
7.) Energy Processing (convert light to energy or food)
8.) Evolution (able to keep up with natural selection)

Question 8

When was the scientific method created

Answer 8

seventeenth century

Question 9

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the

Answer 9

The cell

Question 10

Francesco Redis experiment did what?

Answer 10

He had three jars with meat inside, one was uncovered and the others were, the ones that were covered had no maggots on it and the one that was not did. It was refuted by many

Question 11

Why was John Needham experiment proved wrong

Answer 11

His experiment was set up correctly but his broth was not boiled all the way, which in turn did not kill all the microorganisms.

Question 12

What is the order of an organism

Answer 12

molecule, cell organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, Population, Community, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 13

what is the stimulus for bacteria to move towards and away from chemicals and light

Answer 13

Light- Phototaxis
Chemicals- chemotaxis

Question 14

What is a buffer

Answer 14

A solution that slows down the reaction/ resist a reaction so we can see it in real time

Question 15

Are viruses living?

Answer 15

No viruses are not living because:
- they do not produce energy(metabolize)
- cannot produce cells
- cannot survive without a host

Question 16

What are viruses?

Answer 16

inert packages on DNA or RNA

Question 17

Where did viruses come from

Answer 17

There are 3 hypothesis
- escape = genetic element that gained the ability to move between cells
- reduction = ruminate relics of cellular organisms
- virus first = completely not logical but states viruses pre date or coevolved with their host

Question 18

what are the two types of organelles

Answer 18

Membrane bases (Eukaryotic) and not ( prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells)

Question 19

what are the five kingdoms of life

Answer 19

Plants, animals, protists, fungi, monera

Question 20

What are the tree domains of life

Answer 20

After sequencing ribosomal RNA genes Carl Woese depicted Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Question 21

What is matter?

Answer 21

Any substance that occupies space and has mass

Question 22

What is an element

Answer 22

a chemical that’s physical properties cannot be broken down

Question 23

What is the smallest unit of matter

Answer 23

An atom

Question 24

what is the mass of protons and neutrons because it is the same

Answer 24

1.67 x 10 -24 grams (which is the atomic mass)

Question 25

Electrons are...

Answer 25

negatively charges particles and much smaller than protons and neutrons, the mass is 9.11 10^-28

Question 26

What are quarks and the types

Answer 26

Quarks make up big molecules like protons and are the fundamental building blocks of matter the types are : Up, down, Charm, strange, top, bottom

Question 27

What is the difference between and ion and isotopes

Answer 27

Ion- has gained or lost an electron Isotopes- have different number of protons to neutrons ( naturally occurring isotopes are uranium carbon and potassium)

Question 28

Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 have...

Answer 28

12- 6P, 6E, 6N= mass of 12 14- 6P, 8N = mass of 14

Question 29

Antisepsis definition

Answer 29

The use of antiseptics to kill the germs that cause infection, mainly used in surgery, created by Joseph lister

Question 30

Some isotopes try to obtain...

Answer 30

a more stable atomic configuration by emitting P,N,E, this is called radioisotopes;

Question 31

Radioactive decay definition and example

Answer 31

unstable atom nucleus releases radiation, an example would be carbon 14 back into N 14

Question 32

Beta decay

Answer 32

Is the process when an organism dies with carbon 14 and naturally decays into N14 The half life of C14 is 5730

Question 33

Carbon 14 dating explained

Answer 33

carbon is already present in the atmosphere and the suns cosmic rays collide with free roaming atoms to create an excited neutron--> the excited neutron then collides with atmospheric N14 causing a proton to be kicked out and the Neutron replacing it. Carbon dioxide is created

Question 34

How is the period table created

Answer 34

By grouping the elements together given their chemical properties;

Question 35

Neils Bohr created

Answer 35

an early model of an atom which depict electrons a different orbitals gradually getting further from the nucleus, between the orbitals the electrons have energy levels or energy shells

Question 36

What are molecules

Answer 36

two or more atoms that come together and forma chemical bond

Question 37

how do atoms form bonds

Answer 37

by taking sharing or giving their electrons

Question 38

ionic bond

Answer 38

a bond that happens between opposite charges to achieve the most stable electron configuration

Question 39

What is a covalent bond

Answer 39

a bond that happens wen elements share an electron, this bond is more stable and common; has two types polar (unequally share electrons)and non polar

Question 40

the presence of a polar covalent bond...( finish the sentence )

Answer 40

does not always mean its a polar structure molecule

Question 41

What are some of water special properties

Answer 41

- has high heat capacity and heat vaporization - ability so dissolve polar molecules - cohesive and adhesive properties - dissociation into ions WATER IS AN IONIC SOLVENT

Question 42

What is disassociation

Answer 42

when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules to form molecules

Question 43

mummification steps and process

Answer 43

-removal and preservation of internal organs beside the heart - body preserved with natron, caused rapid dissection of fats (prevents decomposition) - natron bath lasted 40 days - after they filled the cavities with linen, herbs, sand and sawdust - wrapped in bandages with resin - Myrrh, cinnamon, frankincense, cassia, mastic resin, and even onions to preserve the body - whole process took 2 and a half months

Question 43

Carbon atoms have what

Answer 43

an incomplete electron shell

Question 44

what chemical elements are carbohydrates composed of

Answer 44

C-H-O

Question 45

how many bonds can carbon have

Answer 45

4

Question 45

hydrocarbons

Answer 45

organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogens - they contain a lot of energy and release when heated(oxidized)

Question 46

what prefixes are referred to when you have a carbon on carbon bond

Answer 46

ane, ene, yne

Question 47

isomers

Answer 47

compounds with the same formula but different structures that lead to different properties

Question 48

functional groups

Answer 48

groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules - find them along the carbon backbone of macromolecules

Question 49

biological macromolecules

Answer 49

large molecules that are built from smaller organic (contains carbon) molecules Carbohydrates Nucleic acids proteins lipids

Question 50

dehydration synthesis

Answer 50

bonding while loosing water - monomers release water molecules as a byproduct - monomers make polymers through covelent bonding

Question 51

Hydrolysis

Answer 51

Polymers break down into monomers - inserting water molecules across the bond - a polymer breaks into two parts H+ and OH-(hydroxyl)

Question 52

Carbohydrates

Answer 52

main part of our diet grains, fruits, vegetables, natural sources( glucose)

Question 53

Monosaccharides

Answer 53

ose ending simple sugar if ones has an aldehyde group it aldose and keytone group its ketone

Question 54

Disaccarides

Answer 54

two simple sugars connected glucose + fructose

Question 55

Reducing sugars

Answer 55

They can donate electrons to other compounds and cause the reduction of other compounds - Contain free aldehyde and ketone groups - all Monosaccharides

Question 56

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 56

Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose Glycogenesis: the formation of glycogen Glycogenolysis: the breakdown of glycogen

Question 56

How do plants store sugars

Answer 56

as starch Plants can synthesize glucose, and they store the excess glucose, beyond their immediate energy needs, as starch in different plant parts, including roots and seeds.

Question 57

glycogen

Answer 57

is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is comprised of monomers of glucose.

Question 58

cellulose

Answer 58

makes up plants cell wall - can only be digested or broken down by cellulose

Question 59

Lipids

Answer 59

most concentrated form of energy - insoluble in water but soluble in organic compounds - small molecules - diverse group - typically non polar

Question 60

Triglycerides

Answer 60

Lipid used for long term energy storage glycol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains saturated or not

Question 61

Started vs unsaturated

Answer 61

S- structure has maximum number of hydrogens, found in animal foods( coconuts, palm oil) US- at least one double bond and less hydrogens(Beneficial fats bc improves blood cholesterol level, room temp liquid, fish, grains, avocados)

Question 62

In watery solutions lipids from what?

Answer 62

Micelle a circle with hydrophilic heads on the outside or in bilayer membrane

Question 63

cholesterol

Answer 63

most common steroid - necessary for the body to function properly - transported through blood - LDL(bad) HDL(good)

Question 64

difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 64

.1 to 5um in diameer for prokaryotic 10 to 100 um

Question 64

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 64

Pro- old karyon- nucleus - no nucleus - mostly single celled - peptidoglycan in their walls - any waste products can quickly diffuse due to its small size

Question 65

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 65

Eu- new Karyon- nucleus - advance type of cell - has a defined nucleus

Question 66

Yersinia pestis case

Answer 66

The plague came from this bacteria - bacteria is found mainly in the rats and fleas that feed on them - primarily effects rodents and is transmitted to other mammals - its causes bubonic --> pneumonic---> septicemic plague

Question 67

Proteins

Answer 67

One of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and has the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules - may serve in transport, storage or membrane - each cell in the living system could contain thousands of proteins - amino acid polymers

Question 67

Amino acids

Answer 67

we get them from our diet - for each acid the r group is different - conditional amino acids are usually not essential except in times of illness - The sequence and the number of amino acids ultimately determine the protein’s shape, size, and function

Question 68

shapes of proteins

Answer 68

Primary structure- Amino acids unique sequence in a polypeptide chain Secondary structure- The local folding of the polypeptide in some regions gives rise to the secondary structure of the protein Tertiary structure- This structure is in part due to chemical interactions are work on the polypeptide chain Quaternary structure- Some proteins form from several polypeptides, or subunits, and the interaction of these subunits forms the

Question 69

Collegen is...

Answer 69

the most abundant protein in your body 30% of the proteins in your body Primary building block of your body’s skin, muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments and other connective tissues Also found in organs, blood vessels and intestinal lining