Bio Final

Question 1

Based on the snow placement next to the tree which way is north?

Answer 1

• North will be the side with the snow because of wind patterns and mountains. North sides of mountains (in the northern hemisphere) have more precipitation being brought in from the oceans

Question 2

in the regions of the rocky mountains a local variety of ponderosa pine predominantly occurs at 5,000-7,000 feet in elevation (half way up the mountains) where it can best tolerate temperatures. Given future climate change predictions which of the following changes might an ecologist predict about that varieties range?

Answer 2

• It will occur at higher elevations

Question 3

Define the following terms: Thermocline, Aquatic biomes, Rain Shadow, and pelagic zone

Answer 3

Thermocline: Density barrier in lakes and oceans separating warm surface waters from cooler deeper water
Aquatic Biomes: defined by physics and chemistry

Rain Shadow: Coastal mountain ranges are dryer on the interior (leeward) than on the seaward side

Pelagic Zone: Deeper, open water zone of the lakes or oceans

Question 4

Coral reefs occur on the southeast coast of the United States, near Florida, but not at similar latitudes on the southwest coast near Los Angeles, California. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this?

Answer 4

water temperatures driven by ocean currents

Question 5

Dr. Doyle grew up on the Amazon River about 1.5 degrees South of the Equator. There, the annual average temperature is hot and varied by less than 5 degrees Celsius (C) over an entire year. In Waco (31.5 degrees North) the temperature varies from very hot to quite cold (40-50 C variation over the year). What best explains this difference? the abundant rainfall in the tropics keeps temperatures more constant?

Answer 5

• the angle of Earth’s rotation causes solar radiation to vary much more at mid-latitudes than at the Equator.

Question 6

Mountains can impact microclimates. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways mountains consistently impact microclimates?

Answer 6

Mountain soils are consistently more fertile than lowland soils

Question 7

Select the answer that puts the following factors in a REASONABLE order of importance in regulating the plant community structure of a terrestrial biome. Frequency of disturbance: 1. Frequency of disturbance, 2. moisture, 3. temperature, 4. Soil fertility

Answer 7

3241

Question 8

Mark each statement as true false:

terrestrial biomes are defined primarily by their animal communities

tropical oceans usually have higher rates of net primary production than artic waters because the waters are warmer near the tropics

moisture and temperature are thought to be the primary variables controlling terrestrial primary production

summers occur during the portion of the earth’s orbit when it is closer to the sun

Answer 8

false

false

true

false

Question 9

Which ONE factor is most closely associated to the location of the major deserts in North America all being situated about the same latitude (30N)?

Answer 9

Global air circulation patterns

Question 10

Which ONE factor is most closely associated with seasonal changes on Earth?

Answer 10

The angle of Earth’s axis with respect to the sun (=Tilt of the Earth)

Question 11

In mountainous areas of North America, south-facing slopes would be expected to… (Select two correct statements, penalty for wrong answers)

Answer 11

receive more sunlight than similar north-facing slopes

• be warmer and dryer than north-facing slopes

Question 12

Mark each statement as true or false

In deep oceanic water, the net primary production of algae is most likely limited by low nutrient concentration

“Ecology” considers interactions among animals and plants, but not abiotic factors

Deserts do not always have very warm daily average temperatures

About half the water on planet earth is freshwater found in lakes and rivers

Answer 12

false

false

true

false

Question 13

Where is waco on a climograph and what would happen if climate change results in a temperature increase of 3 C and a rainfall decrease of 25 cm/yr

Answer 13

• Waco is in spot a and it would become a grassland

Question 14

Subtropical plants are commonplace in Land’s End, England, whose latitude is the equivalent of Labrador in coastal Canada, where the local flora is instead subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe?

Answer 14

• Warm Gulf Stream currents interact with England, whereas cold arctic ocean currents interact with Labrador

Question 15

Consider an area that historically been a grassland (like McLennan County, TX). Which characteristic is most likely to be related to the observation of many MORE trees now surviving per acre of land (current tree density)?

Answer 15

• Change in the frequency of fire

Question 16

Mark each statement as true or false

Natural populations of plants and animals are more likely to have a clumped distribution than a random one.

All species we know of stop growing when they reach the environmental carrying capacity and can never exceed this threshold, even for limited periods of time.

the process of “demographic transition” applies only to humans and not to other animal species

Resource competition is a common density-dependent factor for most populations as population density increases

Answer 16

true

false

true

true

Question 17

Select the TWO true statements about r-selected species

Answer 17

• r-selected species would likely be the first to colonize an abandoned agriculture field and r-selected species would likely dominate environments where frequent density-independent factors are important regulators of population size

Question 18

Which of the following hypotheses is most consistent with the data shown in this graph with respect to survival and clutch size?

Answer 18

Large clutch size results in low survival.

Question 19

A species population’s size (N) may vary depending on a number of factors including crowding and resource limitation. As N approaches K (carrying capacity) for a certain population, which of the following outcomes is predicted by the logistic growth model?

Answer 19

The population growth rate will slow and approach zero: The population growth rate will slow and approach zero

Question 20

define the following terms: strategy of repeated reproduction, maximum population size an environment can support with available resources, metapopulation

Answer 20

• Strategy of repeated reproduction. Mature females reproduce several/many times during their lifetime. Iteroparity
• Maximum population size environment can support with available resources. Carrying capacity
• Long-lived species where parents invest significant energy in care for offspring: K-selected species
  
  • Population composed of geographically separate subpopulations linked by immigration/emigration: metapopulation

Question 21

Select the TRUE statement about human population growth

Answer 21

• The ecological footprint of the US is much larger than the sustainable global capacity per person

Question 22

Based on the data shown in the figure below related to hare (=prey) relative to several experimental conditions, which conclusion is best supported by the data?

Answer 22

hare population density is impacted by both predation and food availability

Question 23

hen populations become excessively crowded, intrinsic factors often become active to limit further population growth. Which ONE of the following is an example of such an intrinsic factor

Answer 23

• Under crowded conditions, the immune system of individuals becomes less efficient.

Question 24

he human population growth rate (r) has INCREASED during the past 10,000 years until the 1960’s. At that point, population growth rates began to strongly decline and have continued declining until now. What BEST explains this dramatic recent decline in human population growth rates?

Answer 24

• this is due to a social factor; educated women chose to have fewer children

Question 25

consider these simplified age structure diagrams of plant populations. The layers (bottom to top) are three plant age classes: seedlings, 'adolescent' plants, and mature (reproductive) adult plants. MATCH each population (I, II, III) with the statement that BEST describes its likely future population growth ![]()

Answer 25

Population I: rapid future growth Population II: near stable future population growth. Population III: Negativ future population growth

Question 26

Select the single false statement regarding human population on Earth.

Answer 26

* At the current rate of growth of 1.1% per year, it will take about 650 years for the population of Earth to reach 15 billion inhabitants

Question 27

Which of the following graphs illustrate how you would expect the instantaneous growth rate (*r*) of a population to change over time if the species is growing LOGISTICALLY? ![]()

Answer 27

A

Question 28

How you would expect the DOUBLING TIME of a population to change over time if the species is growing exponentially?

Answer 28

* remain constant, even as the population size increased

Question 29

Which of the following graphs illustrate how you would expect the annual mortality of adult female sparrows to change as a function of annual fecundity (number of offspring) the previous season? ![]()

Answer 29

**B**

Question 30

Select the life history most likely to be associated with each of the following traits. (r or k) * Early age of sexual maturation * Long lifespan * High rate of juvenile mortality * Many reproductive cycles for each individual female

Answer 30

* Early age of sexual maturation: r * Long lifespan: K * High rate of juvenile mortality: r * Many reproductive cycles for each individual female: K

Question 31

If two organisms _have significant overlap of their fundamental niches_, what two outcomes _could_ happen?

Answer 31

Resource partitioning. One or both species will adjust their niches so that competition will be minimized and Competitive Exclusion. one will become extinct while the other survives to occupy the niche

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration?

Answer 32

the brightly colored patterns of monarch butterfly caterpillars

Question 33

Consider four communities as shown in the figure. The number of circles represent the abundance of each species. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct community. ![]() Which community has the highest diversity? Which community has the lowest species richness?

Answer 33

Which community has the highest diversity? 2; Which community has the lowest species richness? 1

Question 34

Which of the following would qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

Answer 34

grassland community grazed by bison had higher species diversity than ungrazed area

Question 35

Which description below is most consistent with the nonequilibrium model of community diversity? communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances and the recovered community may be different from the original community

Answer 35

* communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances and the recovered community may be different from the original community

Question 36

# fill in the word to make each statement true * Lower diversity communities will recover from disturbance at _______ rate as higher diversity communities. * Species richness is highest at _________ level of disturbance. * Temperate ecosystems typically have ______ community diversity than a similar size tropical ecosystem. * Compared to a high biodiversity community, a community of low biodiversity would be expected to have _____ year to year fluctuations.

Answer 36

* Lower diversity communities will recover from disturbance at **a slower** rate as higher diversity communities. * Species richness is highest at **Intermediate** level of disturbance. * Temperate ecosystems typically have **lower** community diversity than a similar size tropical ecosystem * Compared to a high biodiversity community, a community of low biodiversity would be expected to have **higher** year to year fluctuations.

Question 37

Which TWO of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?

Answer 37

* a nonvenomous larva of a moth that moves like a venomous snake and a non-poisonous frog mimics the color of a poisonous one

Question 38

Use the following diagram of five islands (A-E) formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model principles to evaluate if each statement below is T/F or provide correct response to a question. ![]()Island with the highest diversity Island with highest rate of extinction and lowest species diversity E and F are the same size, so they will have similar species diversity It is impossible to say if island B or E will have a higher species diversity

Answer 38

Island with the highest diversity: A; Island with highest rate of extinction and lowest species diversity: F; E and F are the same size, so they will have similar species diversity: False; It is impossible to say if island B or E will have a higher species diversity: True

Question 39

define the following terms: character displacement, resource partitioning, predation, Mullerian mimicry

Answer 39

* Beaks of finches evolve to be larger or smaller to minimize competition: Character displacement * As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning.: Resource partitioning * Certain woodpecker-like African birds have become specialized for removing and eating ticks and parasitic insects from the bodies of large herbivores. The relationship between the birds and the ticks is an example of....: predation * Multiple wasp species evolve to resemble each other: Mullerian mimicry

Question 40

Fill in the term that matches: batesian mimicry, primary succession, mutualism, intermediate distubrance hypothesis

Answer 40

* A palatable (=edible) tropical frog evolves to closely resemble the notorious ‘poison dart frog’: Batesian mimicry * Colonization of land recently exposed by retreating glacier Secondary succession, : Primary succession * Termites and microorganisms in their gut: Mutualism * Diversity of a prairie that burns about every 5 years is significantly higher than prairies which burn annually or prairies that are never allowed to burn Intermediate disturbance hypothesis: Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Question 41

What is the major factor explaining why food chains are relatively short?

Answer 41

Energy transfer between levels is inefficient.

Question 42

Use the graph to answer the following question. In 1963 the keystone predator was removed from one area, but not the other. What does the graph tell you about the effect of a keystone species? ![]()

Answer 42

Removing a keystone species from the community reduces species richness.

Question 43

Consider this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species). Match the species trophic level with the letter that most likely represents it. ![]() ## Footnote Decomposer: Photosynthetic plant: Carnivore:

Answer 43

Decomposer: E; Photosynthetic plant: A; Carnivore: D

Question 44

Identify the TWO FALSE statements

Answer 44

* Increased CO2 in the atmosphere caused the recent appearance of the “ozone hole” and Oceanic productivity is higher near the North and South Poles because these areas have much clearer water than tropical oceans.

Question 45

Consider a jaguar, a catfish and a termite. Rank these organisms from LOWEST to HIGHEST production efficiency.

Answer 45

Lowest: Jaguar, Middle: Catfish, Highest: Termite

Question 46

MATCH the nutrient with the term or statement most uniquely identified with it. * Nitrogen: * Phosphorus: * Carbon:

Answer 46

* Nitrogen: Heavily used to make amino acids and proteins * Phosphorus: Becomes biologically available by weathering or rock * Carbon: Becomes biologically available via photosynthesis

Question 47

If you applied a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition(=respiration) and net ecosystem production (NEP)? (assume no change to plant productivity)

Answer 47

* The rate of decomposition(=respiration) would: decrease. The NEP would: increase

Question 48

provide examples for the following terms: bioremediation, biological augmentation, restoration

Answer 48

* Use of wetlands to remove contaminants from water: Bioremediation * Plant nitrogen-fixing legumes to increase nitrogen in soil: Biological augmentation * Replanting a prairie with native species after many years of use as a crop field: Restoration

Question 49

Select the response that correctly identifies the statements as T/F or correctly completes the statement. * In a terrestrial community food chain, the biomass of the carnivore trophic level is usually much lower than that of the herbivores. * Most plant biomass in a community is never eaten by the herbivores * Human bodies in Irish bogs may be 6,000 years old. Select one factor that explains why these bodies not decompose? * Food chains are generally short because energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient and longer chains are less stable.

Answer 49

* In a terrestrial community food chain, the biomass of the carnivore trophic level is usually much lower than that of the herbivores.: True * Most plant biomass in a community is never eaten by the herbivores.: True * Human bodies in Irish bogs may be 6,000 years old. Select one factor that explains why these bodies not decompose?: bottom of bogs in Ireland lack oxygen * Food chains are generally short because energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient and longer chains are less stable.: True

Question 50

Select the TWO TRUE statements

Answer 50

* Production of ozone in the upper level of the atmosphere is a natural process (not caused by humans) and human activities DID NOT create the greenhouse effect on planet Earth but HAS altered the composition of the atmosphere.

Question 51

Several undergraduates in Dr. Doyle’s lab recently measured the Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of a small farm pond and found it to be _negative._ What BEST explains this finding?

Answer 51

Farm ponds are receiving an organic carbon subsidy from the surrounding landscape.

Question 52

Which of the following organisms is correctly paired with its trophic level?

Answer 52

algae—primary producer

Question 53

You know from previous research that a Robin (common bird!) has a production efficiency of 20%. Under experimental conditions, you observe during a period of time that the robin consumed 200 grams of worms. What (if any) ADDITIONAL information would you need to compute the weight gain (=net secondary production) of the Robin?

Answer 53

Mass of worms excreted

Question 54

Which of the following are considered the three major threats to global biodiversity listed in your textbook and discussed in class? 1. zoonotic diseases; 2. Habitat loss; 3. Ozone depletion in upper atmosphere, 4. Invasive exotic species, 5. Human overexpoitation

Answer 54

* 2, 4, 5

Question 55

Select the TWO TRUE statements

Answer 55

* Production of ozone in the stratosphere is dependent on input of light energy and The “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico (TX LA coast) is not caused by highly toxic chemicals coming in from the Mississippi River

Question 56

If all individuals in the last remaining population of a particular frog species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to prevent the species from going extinct?

Answer 56

genetic diversity

Question 57

Ecologist were concerned about the declining growth rate of a small and isolated bighorn sheep population and feared the population was entering an extinction vortex. Five new individuals were added to a small population of bighorn sheep in 1986, and ten more were added between 1990 and 1994. Based upon evidence in the figure, which of the following changes in this population can probably be attributed to the additions? ![]()

Answer 57

the population growth rate began to increase

Question 58

Which of the following outcomes is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems?

Answer 58

* eutrophication

Question 59

Select the graph that best shows how level of Ecosystem Function (Services) changes as number of species in the ecosystem ![]()

Answer 59

a

Question 60

The textbook used an example of the Greater Prairie Chicken (GPC) to illustrate aspects of recovering at-risk small populations. In that example, the GPC showed very low population numbers and the _primary problem_ was low genetic diversity while the eventual solution found was adding healthy individuals from another population to increase gene flow

Answer 60

* low genetic diversity and adding healthy individuals from another population to increase gene flow

Question 61

Which of the following conditions is the BEST indicator that a population is in an extinction vortex? Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic diversity over time.

Answer 61

Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic diversity over time

Question 62

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex? Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.

Answer 62

* Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.

Question 63

In the mid 1980's ecologist studying albatross (a marine bird that eats fish) were dismayed to discover that the bird population was declining due to high levels of toxic PCB’s in the birds. What likely explains this finding?

Answer 63

biological magnification

Question 64

Researchers have been studying a rare population of 87 voles in an isolated area. They feared the population was entering an extinction vortex. So, ten voles from a larger population were introduced into this isolated population. Besides having ten more individuals, which of the following is another major benefit of the addition that might help save the population?

Answer 64

Increasing the population's genetic diversity.

Question 65

So, WHY does it get colder as you go up a mountain even though (1) hot air rises, (2) the mountain is closer to the sun, and (3) the top of the mountain receives MORE light energy than the base of the mountain?

Answer 65

* The atmosphere is thinner and retains less heat

Question 66

Which is the definition of a 'biodiversity hot spot'?

Answer 66

* relatively small area with great number of endemic species

Question 67

True or False * Climate change is thought to be related to the changing composition of Earth’s atmosphere by increasing concentration of gases that are better heat insulators: * Climate change will likely change the frequency of severe weather events like droughts and floods: * Climate change will likely result in higher biodiversity since animals and plants prefer warmer weather: * Sea levels are unlikely to be impacted by climate change since the increase from melting glaciers will be offset by higher evapotranspiration:

Answer 67

Climate change is thought to be related to the changing composition of Earth’s atmosphere by increasing concentration of gases that are better heat insulators: True Climate change will likely change the frequency of severe weather events like droughts and floods: True Climate change will likely result in higher biodiversity since animals and plants prefer warmer weather: False Sea levels are unlikely to be impacted by climate change since the increase from melting glaciers will be offset by higher evapotranspiration: False

Question 68

Which TWO of the following factors MUST be true for a compound to biomagnify in the food chain?

Answer 68

Compound must be lipid soluble and Compound must be stable

Question 69

what are two factors that do not occur exclusively in animals * eukaryotic cells * nerve cells * gastrulation of embryonic development * multicellularity

Answer 69

eukaryotic cells and multicellularity

Question 70

Mark each statement as true or false * most animals are heterotrophic, but a few are autotrophic and can photosynthesize * no animals have a cell wall made of cellulose * in animals sperm and egg cells are produced directly from 2n cells via meiosis * most animals form a hollow ball of cells known as a blastula during embryonic development

Answer 70

* most animals are heterotrophic, but a few are autotrophic and can photosynthesize: false * no animals have a cell wall made of cellulose: true * in animals sperm and egg cells are produced directly from 2n cells via meiosis: true * most animals form a hollow ball of cells known as a blastula during embryonic development: true

Question 71

match the evolutionary period with the evolutionary development that occurred during that period ediacaran biota, reptile division, mammalian diversification, and arthropod colonization of land

Answer 71

neoproterozoic era: ediacaran biota paleozoic era: arthropod colonization of land mesozoic era: reptile diversification cenozoic era: mammalian diversification

Question 72

match the embryonic layer shown with tissues or organ that arises from it central nervous system, lining of the digestive tract, muscles, skin

Answer 72

central nervous system: ectoderm lining of the digestive tract: endoderm muscles: mesoderm skin: ectoderm

Question 73

for each developmental characteristic listed below, select if it is associated with protostome or deuterostome development blastopore becomes the anus coelom forms by splitting of mesoderm cells during gastrulation initial cleavage of embryonic cells is the determinate cell cleavages to form blastula show spinal spiral cleavage pattern

Answer 73

blastopore becomes the anus: deuterostome coelom forms by splitting of mesoderm cells during gastrulation: protostome initial cleavage of embryonic cells is the determinate: protostome cell cleavages to form blastula show spinal spiral cleavage pattern: protostome

Question 74

select the only structures which could correctly be categorized as homologous to the human coccyx which of the following pairs is not an example of analogous structures due to convergent evolution

Answer 74

select the only structures which could correctly be categorized as homologous to the human coccyx: spider monkey prehensile tail which of the following pairs is not an example of analogous structures due to convergent evolution: bones in the batwing and bones in the human forelimb

Question 75

the 1700s geologist contributed which 2 key concepts to the developing ideas about the origins of the earth

Answer 75

* deeper strata carry fossils that are older than fossils close to the land surface * the earth was likely much older than previously imagined

Question 76

The colonization of land by primitive plans was facilitate by a symbiotic relationship. Which relationship was key to land colonization? You find a green organism in a pond near your house. Even thought it doesn't have distinct leaves you believe it is a plant, not an alga. Which of the following characteristics would best support your identification of the organism as a plant and not an alga?

Answer 76

fungi to help anchor the plant and obtain water and nutrients the body of the organism is covered by a waxy cuticle

Question 77

Which of the following is DERIVED trait unique to plants and not shared with algae or charophytes?

Answer 77

alternation of generation

Question 78

Which one trait do plants share with charophytes but not other algae?

Answer 78

Sporopollenin polymer to prevent desiccation

Question 79

Match the four key steps in plant evolutionary history to their correct location in the chronographic (time) sequence. first step: second step third step fourth step

Answer 79

first step: cuticle second step: vascular tissue third step: seeds fourth step: flowers

Question 80

Mark each statement about the plant phylogenetic tree below as T/F. Plants collectively form a clade. The two lineages that comprise the seedless vascular plants (Lycophytes and Monilophytes) are sister taxa. Flowering plants (Angiosperm) share a more recent common ancestor with Gymnosperms than they do with Hornworts. Vascular plants (including the vascular plant ancestor 425 mya) would most correctly be categorized as a monophyletic taxa.

Answer 80

Plants collectively form a clade.: true The two lineages that comprise the seedless vascular plants (Lycophytes and Monilophytes) are sister taxa.: false Flowering plants (Angiosperm) share a more recent common ancestor with Gymnosperms than they do with Hornworts.: true Vascular plants (including the vascular plant ancestor 425 mya) would most correctly be categorized as a monophyletic taxa.: true

Question 81

Match each descriptor provided with the appropriate term. ## Footnote **Waxy covering over epidermis of plants** **Pore in epidermis of plants that allows gas exchange** **Polymer present in spore walls that help prevent dessication** **Molecule which mostly comprises cell wall of plants**

Answer 81

**Waxy covering over epidermis of plants: cuticle** **Pore in epidermis of plants that allows gas exchange: stomata** **Polymer present in spore walls that help prevent dessication: sporpollenin** **Molecule which mostly comprises cell wall of plants: cellulose**

Question 82

Which of the following TWO statements correctly describe differences between a spore and seed? a. Spores have a protective cell wall while the embryo within a seed is not protected b. Spores are unicellular while seeds are multicellular. c. Spores are diploid while all the seed cells are haploid. d. Seeds have substantial stored nutrition while spores do not.

Answer 82

b and d

Question 83

Which of the following is NOT a derived trait unique to seed plants?

Answer 83

stomata

Question 84

Which of the following plant groups are homosporous?

Answer 84

nonvascular plants

Question 85

Consider the evolutionary development trajectory of plants and mark each statement as T/F. The evolution of flowers happened only after the evolution of seeds. Mosses and other nonvascular plants have a life cycle dominated by the sporophyte generation Ferns produce seeds. Ferns and other seedless vascular plants often have a free-living gametophyte stage

Answer 85

The evolution of flowers happened only after the evolution of seeds.: true Mosses and other nonvascular plants have a life cycle dominated by the sporophyte generation: true Ferns produce seeds.: false Ferns and other seedless vascular plants often have a free-living gametophyte stage: true

Question 86

Match the description with the term to which it is most related. ## Footnote **Production of two types of spores giving rise to separate male and female gametophytes** **Contains male gametophyte of seed plants** **Structure in seed plants that contains and protects the female gametophyte** **An embryo with a food supply packaged in a protective coat.**

Answer 86

**Production of two types of spores giving rise to separate male and female gametophytes: Heterospory** **Contains male gametophyte of seed plants: pollen** **Structure in seed plants that contains and protects the female gametophyte: ovule** **An embryo with a food supply packaged in a protective coat.: seed**

Question 87

Select the TWO traits below which are derived traits of seed plants (found only in seed plants). Pollen Seeds Cuticle Cellulose Free-living gametophyte

Answer 87

pollen and seeds

Question 88

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

Answer 88

endodermis

Question 89

the major function of the endodermis (in plants) is

Answer 89

control substances that enter the vascular bundle

Question 90

Which TWO structures are correctly paired with its tissue system? ## Footnote trichome–vascular tissue tracheid–vascular tissue sieve tube member–dermal tissue guard cell-dermal tissue root hair–ground tissue

Answer 90

tracheid–vascular tissue and guard cell-dermal tissue

Question 91

Which of the following cells or tissues or organs arise from vascular cambium activity? a. periderm b. leaves c. secondary xylem d. spongy mesophyll cells e. secondary phloem

Answer 91

c and e

Question 92

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap toward the base of the stem? ## Footnote **1st zone (nearest root cap)** **middle zone** **bottom zone (fartherest from root cap)**

Answer 92

**1st zone (nearest root cap): zone of cell division** **middle zone: zone of elongation** **bottom zone (fartherest from root cap): zone of differentiation**

Question 93

Match the floral structure with the gene types which need to be active to produce it (according to the ABC hypothesis). ## Footnote **Sepals** **Petals** **Stamens** **Carpels**

Answer 93

**Sepals: a only** **Petals: a and b** **Stamens: b and c** **Carpels: c only**

Question 94

Identify structures W, X, Y and Z. ![]()

Answer 94

W cells: spongy mesophyll x thin coating: cuticle Y opening: stomate z cells: guard cell

Question 95

Correctly select the organ system that each of the following structures is part of. potato tuber cactus spine onion (the part you eat) Rhizome

Answer 95

potato tuber: stem cactus spine: root onion (the part you eat): leaf Rhizome: stem

Question 96

MATCH the primary meristem with the tissue it produces in a dicot root. ## Footnote **Protoderm** **Ground Meristem** **Procambium**

Answer 96

**Protoderm: epidermis** **Ground Meristem: cortex** **Procambium: vascular cylinder**

Question 97

![]() the layer of cells at the tip of arrow #1 is the cells at the end of arrow #2 are the cells at the end of arrow #3 are the multilayer structure at the tip of arrow #4 is This tree is approximately how many years old

Answer 97

the layer of cells at the tip of arrow #1 is: vascular cambium the cells at the end of arrow #2 are: secondary xylem the cells at the end of arrow #3 are: secondary phloem the multilayer structure at the tip of arrow #4 is: periderm This tree is approximately how many years old: 4 years

Question 98

In the atrium of the Baylor Sciences Building is a magnificent cross section of a redwood. Dr. Joseph White and students counted the rings, and have identified the date of numerous scientists and scientific events. Which of the following scientists is identified at the center of the tree (date 180 AD).

Answer 98

Galen, father of anatomy

Question 99

The turgor pressure in guard cells is adjusted by active transport of what in and out of cells stomates open when the guard cells are what guard cells open to allow a plant cell to what

Answer 99

The turgor pressure in guard cells is adjusted by active transport of K+ in and out of cells stomates open when the guard cells are turgid guard cells open to allow a plant cell to acquire carbon dioxide

Question 100

Select the TWO factors that are important components of long-distance transport process in xylem in a tall tree? ## Footnote the cohesion of water molecules active transport of water within the apoplast a large negative water potential between soil and the air outside the leaves high root pressure

Answer 100

the cohesion of water molecules and a large negative water potential between soil and the air outside the leaves

Question 101

Which TWO of the following ARE NOT part of the apoplast system in plants? ## Footnote pace inside cell wall but exterior to plasma membrane interior of sieve-tube element interior of xylem cells plasmodesmata space between cell walls in roots

Answer 101

interior of sieve-tube element and plasmodesmata

Question 102

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.17 MPa. If the root tissue were placed in a solution of sucrose with Ψ = -0.28 MPa. The net water flow will be in which directions? When water flow stops, what will be the Ψ in the root cells?

Answer 102

from the tissue into the sucrose solution -0.28 MPa

Question 103

Mark each statement as T/F ## Footnote New plasmodesmata cannot form after cells mature. Plasmodesmata can open and close based on the needs of the plant. Unlike animal cells, signal molecules like proteins and RNA can move from cell to cell via the plasmodesmata The rapid response of a Venus fly trap leaf to catch a fly is activated by an electric signal

Answer 103

New plasmodesmata cannot form after cells mature.: false Plasmodesmata can open and close based on the needs of the plant.: true Unlike animal cells, signal molecules like proteins and RNA can move from cell to cell via the plasmodesmata: true The rapid response of a Venus fly trap leaf to catch a fly is activated by an electric signal: true

Question 104

Which of the following best predicts the DIRECTION of movement of water across biological membranes? The solute potential of pure water is

Answer 104

difference in water potential zero

Question 105

If isolated flacid plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.45 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.25 MPa..... Which way would water flow? How would the pressure potential of the cell change? What would be the final pressure potential of the cell?

Answer 105

water would flow into the cell pressure would increase +0.2

Question 106

A water molecule _could_ move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell membrane _only once_. This living cell would be a part of which structure? This cell would be part of which plant organ?

Answer 106

the endodermis the root

Question 107

Pressure data, measured from one of the vascular tissue types connecting leaf to root in a 11 m tall tree growing in Canada, is presented in the graph below. ![]() Which of the following is the most appropriate title for this graph? What time of year (season) would this most likely reflect?

Answer 107

phloem flow from root to leaf early spring

Question 108

Mark each statement as T/F/ Under low-light conditions, plants that can adjust leaf orientation are likely to have the leaves in a vertical and not a horizontal position Large leaves are characteristic of dry or cold environments Nitrogen fixation is a process that requires relatively low energy input Because nitrogen is often limiting to plant growth, all plant species form nodules and symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Answer 108

Under low-light conditions, plants that can adjust leaf orientation are likely to have the leaves in a vertical and not a horizontal position: false Large leaves are characteristic of dry or cold environments: false Nitrogen fixation is a process that requires relatively low energy input: false Because nitrogen is often limiting to plant growth, all plant species form nodules and symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria: false

Question 109

Rhizobacteria benefit plants by providing inorganic nitrogen in a form plants can utilize. Which two processes listed are microbial processes that provide inorganic nitrogen that plant roots can uptake? ## Footnote photosynthesis transpiration nitrogen fixation decomposition of dead organic matter denitrification

Answer 109

nitrogen fixation decomposition of dead organic matter

Question 110

A plant in your grandfather's garden developed a phosphorus deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?

Answer 110

Mycorrhizal fungi were killed.

Question 111

Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae (endomycorrhizae)? Which major benefits do plants and mycorrhizal fungi receive from their symbiotic relationship?

Answer 111

Ectomycorrhizae form a dense cover over the roots (like a glove), whereas arbuscular mycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root cell and penetrate through the cell wall. Plants receive water and nutrients, and fungi receive photosynthetic products.

Question 112

Match the terms. ## Footnote **free-living bacteria living near to plant roots** **structures on roots of some plants inhabited by N fixing Rhizobium bacteria** **nonpathogenic bacteria living between plant root cells** **soil fungi that form mutualistic associations with plants**

Answer 112

**free-living bacteria living near to plant roots: Rhizobacteria** **structures on roots of some plants inhabited by N fixing Rhizobium bacteria: nodules** **nonpathogenic bacteria living between plant root cells: endophytes** **soil fungi that form mutualistic associations with plants: Mycorrihizae**

Question 113

Match the plant type with the statement most related to it. ## Footnote **Legume (like soy)** **Epiphytes (like orchids)** **Parasitic plants (like mistletoe)** **Carnivorous plants (like Venus fly trap)**

Answer 113

**Legume (like soy): form nodules for N-fixing bacteria symboints** **Epiphytes (like orchids): live on trees but do not suck resources from them** **Parasitic plants (like mistletoe): actively remove photosynthetic products from host plant** **Carnivorous plants (like Venus fly trap): capture and digest animals**

Question 114

Which of the following is the correct sequence of three key events that takes place during the plant responses to internal and external signals? first second third

Answer 114

first: reception or detection of signal second: transduction third: response

Question 115

Auxins frequently interact with other plant hormones to cause a particular process. Which of the following processes is attributed ONLY to auxin? Where in the plant is auxin most likely to be produced?

Answer 115

phototropism stem apical meristems and young leaves

Question 116

Which of the following hormones primarily function(s) to regulate plant cell division? What other effect does this hormone have on plants?

Answer 116

cytokinins delays senescence

Question 117

You have a small shrub in your yard that is the height that you want it, but does not have as many branches as you want. Which of the following actions will trigger increased branching? When you perform this action, what hormone is primarily impacted?

Answer 117

Cut off the tips of the main shoots. ## Footnote decline in auxin

Question 118

Match the plant hormone with the primary site of production in plants. cytokinins gibberellin **Abscisic Acid**

Answer 118

cytokinins: Roots gibberellin: root and shoot apical meristem **Abscisic Acid: everywhere**

Question 119

Match the hormones with a practical application which makes use of its properties. cytokinen gibberellin ethylene auxin

Answer 119

cytokinin: Apply to cut flowers to keep them fresh longer gibberellin: Larger grapes ethylene: Quickly ripen bananas auxin: Kill weeds

Question 120

When a growing stem tip hits an obstacle and further upward growth is inhibited a response is generated in the plant The name of this response is The hormone responsible for this response is The rate of stem growth The direction of stem growth

Answer 120

triple response ethylene slows changes to horizontal growth

Question 121

A small new shrub has just been discovered that has a novel photosynthetic pigment that absorbs far-red light but is damaged by red light. In what type of environment was this plant most likely found? Given the habitat where you expect to find this plant, how would you expect the stomate density to compare to the average of all plants?

Answer 121

on the forest floor, beneath a canopy of taller plants lower density

Question 122

Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. Which of the following best explains why day-neutral plants are more common in the tropics than in temperate zones? How is climate change likely to impact the occurrence of day neutral plants in the tropics?

Answer 122

In the tropics there is little photoperiodic change during the year ## Footnote no change

Question 123

Mark each statement as T/F One type of phytochrome (light receptor) in plants responds to both red and far-red light. During darkness, P(fr) is slowly converted back to P(r). When exposed to full sunlight, the phytochrome receptors will be in the P(fr) state. Phytochrome light sensing is known to be involved in both seed germination and flowering for some plants.

Answer 123

One type of phytochrome (light receptor) in plants responds to both red and far-red light.: true During darkness, P(fr) is slowly converted back to P(r).: true When exposed to full sunlight, the phytochrome receptors will be in the P(fr) state.: true Phytochrome light sensing is known to be involved in both seed germination and flowering for some plants.: true

Question 124

Irises are plants that bloom in the spring when nights are shorter than a critical dark period (dotted line). Yellow= daylight, Grey = darkness. Colored bars represent flashes of red or far-red light as indicated. Select the THREE conditions below that would result in a bloom. ![]()

Answer 124

a, c, e

Question 125

Plant response to gravity is known as Many plants detect gravity by the settling of dense starch granules called

Answer 125

gravitropism statoliths

Question 126

Plant response to TOUCH is called How would plants exposed to frequent strong winds be different from similar plants not exposed to this mechanical stimulus?

Answer 126

thigmotropism shorter

Question 127

You are out working in your grandfather's garden, and you notice that one of your favorite flowering plants has discolored dead spots on a few leaves. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the symptoms you observe? [responsible]

Answer 127

hypersensitive response

Question 128

A particular type of virus carries a gene for salicylate hydroxylase, an enzyme that breaks down salicylic acid. If this virus infects a plant, which of the plant defense systems is likely to be impacted? How would you expect the virulence of this virus to compare to a similar pathogen that could not destroy salicylic acid?

Answer 128

systemic acquired resistance more virulent

Question 129

**A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; however, after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed growing once again in the fields. Which of the following statements best explains the return of pigweed to the farmer's fields?**

Answer 129

Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce than were non-resistant individuals.

Question 130

**Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat** ***S. aureus*** **infections in a community, all new** ***S. aureus*** **infections were caused by MRSA (*****S. aureus*****strains that are resistant to many antibiotics). How can this best be explained?**

Answer 130

Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

Question 131

**The diagram shows two sets of islands. Group A is located 2,500 kilometers from the nearest mainland, whereas Group B is located about 25 kilometers from the mainland. Populations of the same species exist on the mainland and on the islands. What would you expect the genetic similarity of the island groups to be relative to that of the mainland?**![]()

Answer 131

The population on Group B islands will be more genetically similar to the mainland than that of group A

Question 132

**Some beetles have antler-like structures on their heads and fight for the right to mate, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in both beetle and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of**

Answer 132

convergent evolution

Question 133

Place the following events related to the development of the theory of evolution in their correct chronological order. 1. Geologists discover the world is 'really old' 2. Lamark publishes his theory of evolution 3. Aristotle “*scala naturale*” 4. Gregor Mendel publishes his work on genetics 5. Darwin publishes his book “On the Origen of Species”

Answer 133

3 1 2 5 4

Question 134

**Match the terms on the left with the item most closely associated with it from the dropdown box (use any choice only once, not all choices will be used).** **Sickle-cell anemia** **Human birth weight** **Right/left mouth of scale-eating fish** **Male peacock tailfeathers**

Answer 134

**Sickle-cell anemia: heterozygote advantage** **Human birth weight: stabilizing selection** **Right/left mouth of scale-eating fish: frequency dependent selection** **Male peacock tailfeathers: sexual selection**

Question 135

**The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle outlines conditions under which allelic frequency and the genotypic frequency of a population remains unchanged. Mark each statement as true or false?** ## Footnote Nonrandom mating will change the genotypic frequency of the population A small population size ensures that random mutations do not occur Gene flow must be balanced, with the same number of individuals immigrating and emigrating from the population Beneficial and deleterious mutations can occur, but must occur in the same ratio.

Answer 135

Nonrandom mating will change the genotypic frequency of the population: true A small population size ensures that random mutations do not occur: false Gene flow must be balanced, with the same number of individuals immigrating and emigrating from the population: false Beneficial and deleterious mutations can occur, but must occur in the same ratio.: false

Question 136

Match the situation with the term most closely associated with it ## Footnote **Small population of primates arrive in South America after surviving a perilous voyage on a vegetation raft from Africa 40 million years ago.** **Cystic Fibrosis is a devastating recessive genetic disease caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene. This genetic trait is fairly common among Europeans (almost 5% of Irish carry the gene!). WHY is the allelic frequency so high? Turns out that individuals with one normal and one mutated CFTR gene are less susceptible to severe dehydration and death caused by cholera and typhus.**

Answer 136

founder effect heterozygote advantage

Question 137

Match the situation with the term most closely associated with it. ## Footnote **Cacti have two sets of predators: peccaries which like to eat cactus fruits with fewer spines and parasitic insects which like cacti that have very dense spines to keep their own predators away. Successful, long-lived cacti have an average number of spines to help ward off both predators.** **Mature male sea lions compete fiercely with each other for dominance over a rookery of females**

Answer 137

stabalizing selection intrAsexual selection

Question 138

**Mark each statement as T or F concerning genetic variation** ## Footnote Genetic variation arises in response to changes in the environment. Genetic variation must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population. Genetic variation does not exist in a populations of haploid species because all alleles are expressed A population that has a higher average heterozygosity may be better suited to survive a changing climate than a population with low heterozygosity

Answer 138

Genetic variation arises in response to changes in the environment: false Genetic variation must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.: true Genetic variation does not exist in a populations of haploid species because all alleles are expressed: false A population that has a higher average heterozygosity may be better suited to survive a changing climate than a population with low heterozygosity: true

Question 139

**Select the TWO TRUE statements. Multiple Answer question, penalty for wrong answers.** When a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, neither allelic nor genotypic frequencies change through time Sexual reproduction only results in neutral variation because no new genes are added to the population The average heterozygosity in an animal species is generally found to be \>60% The fact that human babies generally have a birth weight between 5 lbs and 9 lbs is an example of disruptive selection In frequency dependent selection the fitness of a genotype depends on how common it is in the population

Answer 139

When a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, neither allelic nor genotypic frequencies change through time In frequency dependent selection the fitness of a genotype depends on how common it is in the population

Question 140

A REASONABLE estimate of average heterozygosity in a human for the approximate 21,000 coding genes we have would be If you measured the average heterozygosity of 1,000 randomly selected residents of Los Angeles and compared it to the average of a 1,000 members of an indigenous village in the Amazon rainforest, the LA average would be

Answer 140

20-30 % higher

Question 141

**An earthquake followed by an intense forest fire decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels in a region. The surviving population has broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, which of the following processes most likely caused the change?** **Whenever a diploid population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium....**

Answer 141

a bottleneck effect the allele frequency of the population will not change from one generation to the next

Question 142

**Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently** ***_requires_*** **a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?** ## Footnote **Over time, humans have steadily increased their movements across the continents of the Earth. People now live with and intermarry individuals who are physically different than they are. Which of the following results has most likely been derived from these movements?**

Answer 142

genetic drift Increase in average heterozygosity

Question 143

**An island has a single species of finch (bird) that has large, strong beaks that can easily crack and eat the large, tough seeds common on the island. A tourist company sets up bird feeding stations on that island with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the finches. Which of these events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on this island ?** **Female sexual selection is a powerful force in speciation. Research has demonstrated that traits favored by females is typically associated with**

Answer 143

increased variation in beak size and shape over time 'good genes' that enhance survival and reproduction of offspring

Question 144

Listed below are the genotypic frequencies for four populations at the *H* locus. Which TWO population(s) are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? ## Footnote PopulationHHHhhhA0.360.480.16B0.500.000.50C0.330.340.33D0.090.420.49

Answer 144

a and d

Question 145

New Zealand sheep are mostly white, but may also be black or brown. One gene (the Agouti gene) controls if the sheep is white or colored (a second gene controls which color, if it is not white). At the Agouti locus, the white gene (W) is dominant over the colored gene (w). One rancher has a herd of 750 white sheep and 250 colored sheep. What is the allelic frequency of the colored allele (w)?

Answer 145

0.50

Question 146

Which of the following provides an example of a mechanical isolation as a prezygotic barrier? Which of the following provides and example of behavioral isolation as a prezygotic barrier?

Answer 146

two snails have shells that spiral in different directions Female frogs select a mate based on call quality

Question 147

**The factors leading to speciation are diverse. Which TWO factors below would be _least_ likely to be under the control of natural selection and more the outcome of random chance?** Mutation causes snail shell to twist in opposite direction Female bird selects male with brightest beak Rare desert plant has daughter plant with twice the number of chromosomes Separate populations of insects in Florida eat different size fruit Skunk populations mate at different times of year

Answer 147

Mutation causes snail shell to twist in opposite direction ## Footnote Rare desert plant has daughter plant with twice the number of chromosomes

Question 148

**Match the term on the one on the right with which it is MOST closely associated** **dog breeds** **Continental drift** **Apples & Hawthornes** **Snail shell whirl direction prevents copulation**

Answer 148

**dog breeds: artificial selection** **Continental drift: allopatric speciation** **Apples & Hawthornes: habitat isolation** **Snail shell whirl direction prevents copulation: mechanical incompatibility**

Question 149

Two species of sage from California are closely related and occur in the same habitats, but never crossbreed in nature although hybrids can be produced in the lab. The two-lipped flowers of *Salvia mellifera* have stamens and style (male and female flower parts) in the upper lip, whereas *S. apiana* has long stamens and style. *S. mellifera* is pollinated by small bees that carry pollen on their backs from flower to flower. *S. apiana*, is pollinated by large carpenter bees or bumblebees that carry the pollen on their wings. Even if the pollinators of one species visit flowers of the other, pollination cannot occur because the pollen does not come into contact with the style of the alternative species. These species are best described as The type of reproductive isolation keeping the species apart is

Answer 149

sympatric ## Footnote prezygotic mechanical incompatibility

Question 150

**According to the Biological Species Concept, the formation of a new species hinges primarily on** **The concept of 'punctuated equilibrium' refers to**

Answer 150

reproductive isolation Occasional periods of rapid speciation.

Question 151

**Which of the following is the most likely sequence of events in adaptive speciation involving geographic isolation** **initial population is subdivided into subpopulations geographically isolated from eachother** **population experiences different environmental conditions** **population genetics diverge** **populations are reproductively incompatible with each other**

Answer 151

in order

Question 152

**The frequency of Anopheles mosquitoes, which carry the malaria parasite, declines with increasing elevation (mosquitoes like it hot!). Consider a hypothetical human population living in villages distributed along the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Africa). If the incidence of the sickle-cell allele in the population is plotted against elevation,** **A. Which of the following distributions is most likely under current conditions of high incidence of malaria in Africa?** **B. Which distribution is most likely under future conditions where we have nearly eliminated malaria from Africa?** ![]()

Answer 152

a d

Question 153

Which graph below best shows how the genetic similarity of two populations would change as the distance between two populations increases? ![]()

Answer 153

a

Question 154

**Which ONE of the following best exemplifies hybrid breakdown?** **Two closely related species meet in a hybrid zone and produce hybrid offspring. Reinforcement is most likely to occur when**

Answer 154

The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species, Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda. The F1 hybrid generation is apparently healthy and long-lived and mate and produce offspring (F2). But when F2 hybrids mate, the next generation has poor reproductive success, and many individuals are physically deformed. ## Footnote hybrids have lower genetic fitness than either parent population

Question 155

Mark each statement as T/F. A female that prefers a mate with a rare color pattern is an example of stabilizing selection Dog breeds are an example of natural selection The production of sterile mules by interbreeding horses and donkeys is an example of hybrid breakdown The high number of cichlid fish species in Lake Malawi is the product of large number of polyploid events in the past

Answer 155

A female that prefers a mate with a rare color pattern is an example of stabilizing selection: false Dog breeds are an example of natural selection: false The production of sterile mules by interbreeding horses and donkeys is an example of hybrid breakdown: false The high number of cichlid fish species in Lake Malawi is the product of large number of polyploid events in the past: false

Question 156

Identify the key period in the evolutionary history of Earth by matching with the correct description. **Period of global warming caused by intense volcanic activity associated with Pangea** **Period of global cooling caused by meteor shower that threw debris into the air for many decades.** **Period of intense speciation when first organisms with bones and other hard structures appear in the fossil record** **Proliferation of soft-bodied organisms in the fossil record**

Answer 156

**Period of global warming caused by intense volcanic activity associated with Pangea: permian mass extinction: huge loss of marine species** **Period of global cooling caused by meteor shower that threw debris into the air for many decades.: cretaceous mass extinction, demise for the dinos** **Period of intense speciation when first organisms with bones and other hard structures appear in the fossil record: cambrian explosion** **Proliferation of soft-bodied organisms in the fossil record:** Ediacaran Biota

Question 157

Mark each statement as True of False [Select] ["F", "T"] Carbon-14 is suitable for dating Irish bog bodies but not for dating dinosaur fossils. Free oxygen in the atmosphere is thought to be due to the geologic processes related to volcano eruptions. In the colonization of land, arthropods are thought to have colonized land before plants. The first genetic systems in early evolution is believed to have been based on amino acids.

Answer 157

Carbon-14 is suitable for dating Irish bog bodies but not for dating dinosaur fossils.: true Free oxygen in the atmosphere is thought to be due to the geologic processes related to volcano eruptions. : false In the colonization of land, arthropods are thought to have colonized land before plants.: false The first genetic systems in early evolution is believed to have been based on amino acids.: false

Question 158

Match the characteristic with the genetic principle or factor with which it is most closely associated. **Fish have an air-filled structure called a swim bladder that helps modern fish maintain buoyancy. Ichthyologist believe that this structure evolved from a lung of an ancestral fish species.** **High sensitivity of sense of smell in mice.** **Stickleback fish in marine populations have pronounced protective spines which are lacking in freshwater populations where the primary predator is absent.** **The arrangement of floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) is precisely controlled by three groups of genes.**

Answer 158

**Fish have an air-filled structure called a swim bladder that helps modern fish maintain buoyancy. Ichthyologist believe that this structure evolved from a lung of an ancestral fish species.:** Exaptation **High sensitivity of sense of smell in mice.:** Paralogous genes **Stickleback fish in marine populations have pronounced protective spines which are lacking in freshwater populations where the primary predator is absent.:** Change in gene regulation **The arrangement of floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) is precisely controlled by three groups of genes.:** Homeotic genes

Question 159

**Select the TWO TRUE statements.** The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells forming the endoplasmic reticulum and surrounding the nucleus originated from endosymbiont prokaryotic organisms The early atmosphere of the Earth when life first developed lacked free oxygen The colonization of land by plants and arthropods began after the breakup of Pangea Mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are thought to have once been free-living prokaryotic organisms that became part of the cell via endosymbiosis. The “Cambrian Explosion” is a term used to explain the loss of biodiversity due to huge volcanic eruptions as Pangea began to break apart.

Answer 159

The early atmosphere of the Earth when life first developed lacked free oxygen ## Footnote Mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are thought to have once been free-living prokaryotic organisms that became part of the cell via endosymbiosis.

Question 160

**Match the terms on the left with the example most closely associated** **Exaptation** **Homeotic genes (like Hox genes)** **Paedomorphosis** **Convergent evolution**

Answer 160

**Exaptation:** Hearing bones in ears of mammals **Homeotic genes (like Hox genes):** Evolution of 6-legged insects from arthropod ancestor with more legs **Paedomorphosis: salamander that retains larval gills as a reproductive adult** **Convergent evolution: flying squirrels of north America and flying marsupials of australia**

Question 161

**Which TWO key characteristics distinguish all modern eukaryotic cells from their prokaryotic ancestors?** ## Footnote **Multicellularity** **DNA instead of RNA as major genetic material** * *Mitochondria** * *Cell enclosed by a membrane** **Internal membranes**

Answer 161

Internal membranes Mitochondria

Question 162

**What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?** 1. complex organisms with hard exoskeletons 2. eukaryotic cells 3. prokaryotic-like cells that survived on abiotically formed organic compounds 4. photosynthetic single cell prokaryotic-like organism 5. multicellularity

Answer 162

3 4 2 5 1

Question 163

**The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years. A sample of tissue from the preserved skull of Koelbjerg Man (see image) found preserved in a bog in Denmark was found to have 38% the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12. About how long ago did this man die?** **Ancient fossils from the North America are quite similar to those of Europe while those of South America are most similar to those of Africa. What explains this similarity pattern?**

Answer 163

7,000-8,000 yrs The pattern of Pangea breakup

Question 164

**A female fly, carrying fertilized eggs, is hypothetically swept by high winds to an island far out to sea. She is the first and only fly to arrive on this island. Thousands of years later, her numerous descendants occupy the island and have overlapping geographic ranges. They are separated into several different species with different foods, mouthparts, egg-laying sites, and egg shapes. What term best describes this process?** **The mass extinction that eliminated the dinosaurs was a period of _______ caused by \_\_\_\_\_**

Answer 164

Adaptive radiation cooling, meteor shower

Question 165

Consider how you would construct a phylogenetic tree for the following organism: Turtle, Salamander, Bird, Goat, Leopard,redfish Which organism would be considered the outgroup Which two organisms would be shown as sister taxa

Answer 165

Redfish Leopard & Goat

Question 166

Select the TWO FALSE statements. Horizontal gene transfer is limited to transfer within a single domain since the genetic differences among domains prevents such genetic movement. We currently view life as divided into three major domains, Eukarya, Archea and Bacteria Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants The domains Bacteria and Archaea are both composed of prokaryotic organisms, but Archaea is more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria Multicellular life forms are common and exist in all three life domains

Answer 166

Horizontal gene transfer is limited to transfer within a single domain since the genetic differences among domains prevents such genetic movement.

Question 167

Consider the evolutionary history of a buffalo compared to other terapods (4-legged animals). The presence of a backbone in a buffalo is an example of The hair that covers this animal is an example of

Answer 167

Shared ancestral trait Shared derived trait

Question 168

Consider the phylogenetic trees that show possible evolutionary relationship of four shapes. The 4 shapes that now exist evolved from an ancestor that had the red square characteristics. According to the principle of Maximum Parsimony, which phylogenetic tree should you accept? ![]()

Answer 168

b

Question 169

**Match the terms to correctly associate each term with an example characteristic** **Clade** **Shared ancestral trait** **Mammalian shared derived trait** **Analogous structure**

Answer 169

**Clade: ancestor species and all descendents** **Shared ancestral trait: lions have 4 legs** **Mammalian shared derived trait: hair** **Analogous structure: legs on spider and legs on buffalo**

Question 170

**Refer to the figure. Which of the following forms a clade are** **and the two most closely related are** ![]()

Answer 170

E, F, and G FE

Question 171

Mark each statement as True or False. Most species found on earth are unicellular Paralogous genes develop due to convergent evolution Humans are so evolutionarily different from mushrooms that we no longer share any orthologous genes The Silversword plant alliance of Hawaii is composed of plants that look quite different but in fact share a common evolutionary history

Answer 171

Most species found on earth are unicellular: true Paralogous genes develop due to convergent evolution: false Humans are so evolutionarily different from mushrooms that we no longer share any orthologous genes: false The Silversword plant alliance of Hawaii is composed of plants that look quite different but in fact share a common evolutionary history: true

Question 172

**Consider the following phylogenetic tree. Mark each statement as True or False.** ![]() The lineage leading to salamanders was the first to diverge from the other lineages. Lizards are equally closely related to humans as goats. Salamanders are more closely related to goats than they are to humans. The group highlighted by shading (Salamander, Lizard, Goat) is paraphyletic.

Answer 172

The lineage leading to salamanders was the first to diverge from the other lineages: true Lizards are equally closely related to humans as goats. : true Salamanders are more closely related to goats than they are to humans. : false The group highlighted by shading (Salamander, Lizard, Goat) is paraphyletic. : true

Question 173

**The antifreeze proteins found in fish that live in very cold waters has evolved independently in the Arctic and in the Antarctic, and not because of shared ancestry. Which of the following can be said with _most certainty_?** **According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure below, what type of taxonomic group does** ***G. intestinalis*** **constitute?** ![]()

Answer 173

The antifreeze proteins in Arctic and Antarctic fish are analogous paraphyletic

Question 174

**Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, and can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined, thereby producing a genetically distinctive virus, which may subsequently cause widespread disease. The production of new flu virus in the manner described above is most similar to the phenomenon of** **Which of the following features permits a gene to act as a molecular clock?**

Answer 174

horizontal gene transfer Orthologous gene with consistent rate of mutation

Question 175

**Mark each statement about paralogous and orthologous genes as True or False** **Paralogous genes occur due to autopolyploidy** **Both paralogous and orthologous genes are examples of homologous genes** **Humans and mice genomes share more than 90% homologous genes** **Variation in orthologous genes are commonly used to construct molecular clocks**

Answer 175

**Paralogous genes occur due to autopolyploidy: false** **Both paralogous and orthologous genes are examples of homologous genes: true** **Humans and mice genomes share more than 90% homologous genes: true** **Variation in orthologous genes are commonly used to construct molecular clocks: true**

Question 176

**The most likely explanation for the high rate of sympatric speciation that resulted in about 600 species of cichlid fish in Lake Malawi in the past is what and the possible threat for the future of many of these species is**

Answer 176

sexual selection fusion due to eutrophication

Question 177

Select the event/development that came FIRST from the pairs below predation or colonization of land eukaryotic cells or photosynthesis arthropods on land or plants on land mitochondria before chloroplasts

Answer 177

predation photosynthesis plants on land mitochondria

Question 178

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45° and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells. Which of the following organisms is this embryo most likely to develop into? If the student were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen?

Answer 178

earthworm (Annelida) Each cell might continue development, but none would form a complete, viable embryo.

Question 179

What do organisms with deuterostome development all have in common? If an organism exhibits a head with sensory structures, which of the following characteristics would it likely also exhibit?

Answer 179

The blastopore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus ## Footnote it is bilaterally symmetrical

Question 180

Nine-banded armadillos give birth to four genetically identical offspring at a time. What does this fact suggest about the development of these organisms?

Answer 180

the fertilized egg undergoes radial and indeterminate cleavage

Question 181

Based on the phylogenetic tree of animals shown below, determine if each statement is T or F. ![]() All animals _except_ Cnidaria (jellyfish) share a common ancestor Sponges are not animals The group 'Eumetazoa" is paraphyletic The groups Deuterostomia and Ecdysozoa can correctly be considered sister groups.

Answer 181

All animals _except_ Cnidaria (jellyfish) share a common ancestor: false Sponges are not animals: false The group 'Eumetazoa" is paraphyletic: false The groups Deuterostomia and Ecdysozoa can correctly be considered sister groups.: false

Question 182

Which of the following animal groups would NOT have a flow-through digestive system with mouth and anus? 1. Insects (Arthropoda) 2. Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 3. Snail (Mollusca) 4. Sponges (Porifera) 5. Roundworms (Nematoda) 6. Anemones (Cnidaria)

Answer 182

2, 4, 6

Question 183

Placing sponges as the basal metazoans on the basis of lack of tissues implies which of the following? Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no *Hox* genes, while all other animals have *Hox* genes. If true, how would this impact the phylogenetic tree of animals?

Answer 183

Sponge ancestors never had tissues. it would not alter the tree, but confirm the identity of sponges as "basal animals"

Question 184

Match the labeled structures of a sponge (Porifera). ![]()

Answer 184

1. pore 2. spongocoel 3. osculum 4. choanocyte

Question 185

Mark each statement about sponges (Porifera) as T/F. Sponges are considered animals (Metazoa) but lack true tissues Sponges have a gastrovascular cavity where digestion takes place Choanocytes are sponge cells which are flagellated and function in feeding by engulfing particles via phagocytosis Most sponge species are hermaphrodite (each individual has both male and female functions)

Answer 185

Sponges are considered animals (Metazoa) but lack true tissues: true Sponges have a gastrovascular cavity where digestion takes place: false Choanocytes are sponge cells which are flagellated and function in feeding by engulfing particles via phagocytosis: true Most sponge species are hermaphrodite (each individual has both male and female functions): true

Question 186

Mark each statement about sponges as T/F. they are filter feeders they undergo gastrulation and are the simplest diploblastic animals they are the earliest animals to have nerve cells they exhibit bilateral symmetry as adults

Answer 186

they are filter feeders true they undergo gastrulation and are the simplest diploblastic animals: false they are the earliest animals to have nerve cells:false they exhibit bilateral symmetry as adults :false

Question 187

Jellyfish like the ones in the image below have ruined many days at the beach because of their stinging tentacles. What statements are TRUE about the Cnidarians shown in this photos? ![]() a. These cnidarian belongs to the Anthozoa clade. b. They reproduce only parthenogenically c. They have nematocysts on their tentacles for stinging and paralyzing prey d. They are diploblastic e. They have muscles and are capable of coordinated movement

Answer 187

c,d,e

Question 188

Select the TWO statements below which are INCORRECT with regards to jellyfish (Cnidaria). ## Footnote Jellyfish larva (like some adults) are bilaterally symmetric Compared to sponges, Cnidarians have a more developed nervous and muscular system Corals belong to the group Anthozoa, Cnidarians that exist only in the polyp form and do not have a medusa stage Cnidarians are the first group to evolve a flow-through digestive system with mouth and anus Cnidarians undergo gastrulation and end up with two embryonic layers (they are diploblastic)

Answer 188

Jellyfish larva (like some adults) are bilaterally symmetric Cnidarians are the first group to evolve a flow-through digestive system with mouth and anus

Question 189

Blood flukes (a parasitic trematode flatworm) are a major public health problem in many developing countries. Based on your knowledge of this group, which of the following would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of a parasitic blood flukes in an impacted human population? Which of the following statements best explains how planarians (Platyhelminthes flatworms) can survive and thrive without respiratory or circulatory systems?

Answer 189

reduce the population of the intermediate snail host their very flat body form ensures that none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment

Question 190

The Lophotrochozoa clade is composed of very diverse organisms. MATCH the group within the Lophotrochozoan clade with the characteristics statement that best defines it. **lack a body cavity (=acoelomate) and do not have a flow-through alimentary canal with mouth & anus** **first group with flow through alimentary canal and often reproduce parthenogenically** **lophophore feeding and deuterostome development**

Answer 190

**lack a body cavity (=acoelomate) and do not have a flow-through alimentary canal with mouth & anus: flatworms** **first group with flow through alimentary canal and often reproduce parthenogenically: rotifers** **lophophore feeding and deuterostome development: ectoprocts**

Question 191

Which of the following characteristics is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? Sexual reproduction leads to increased genetic variation, but one group of invertebrates are notorious for parthenogenic reproduction (females giving birth to more females without sexual contact with a male). In fact, one genus within this group is believed to not have reproduced sexually for over 50 million years! Which group is it?

Answer 191

a digestive system with a single opening ## Footnote Rotifers (Rotifera)

Question 192

Mark each statement about Molluscs as T/F When snails (Gastropoda) and clams (Bivalvia) outgrow their shell, they abandon the shell and seek out a larger one. Although they are bilaterally symmetric, clams (Bivalvia) do not have a distinct head. Even so, they do have numerous sensory organs. Surprisingly, Molluscs are only diploblastic and not triploblastic like the other Locotrochozoans. Molluscs are a group that has seen very high number of extinctions and is currently considered one of the most severely threatened animal group.

Answer 192

When snails (Gastropoda) and clams (Bivalvia) outgrow their shell, they abandon the shell and seek out a larger one.: false Although they are bilaterally symmetric, clams (Bivalvia) do not have a distinct head. Even so, they do have numerous sensory organs.: true Surprisingly, Molluscs are only diploblastic and not triploblastic like the other Locotrochozoans.: false Molluscs are a group that has seen very high number of extinctions and is currently considered one of the most severely threatened animal group.: true

Question 193

Which TWO of the following characteristics do all insects exhibit? ## Footnote they have an exoskeleton they have three pair of jointed walking appendages most are predatory and never feed on plants they have a primitive endoskeleton they all undergo complete metamorphosis and have wings at some time in their life

Answer 193

hey have an exoskeleton

Question 194

MATCH the following invertebrate taxa with its correct description. **Arthropoda (Arthropods)** **Echinodermata (echinoderms** **Platyhelminthes (flatworms)** **Cnidaria (jellyfish)**

Answer 194

**Arthropoda (Arthropods): exoskeleton of chitin, segmented bodies** ## Footnote **Echinodermata (echinoderms): bilateral symmetry as larva, water vascular system** **Platyhelminthes (flatworms): dorsoventrally flattened, gastrovascular cavity with one opening** **Cnidaria (jellyfish): radial symmetry, medusa and polyp form**

Question 195

Insects are among the most diverse groups of organisms on the planet. Select the two factors thought to have most contributed to the diversification of insects during their evolutionary history.

Answer 195

Evolution of flight Increase in plant diversity

Question 196

Which of the following invertebrate groups is most closely related to reptiles? T/F. This organisms has protostome embryonic development.

Answer 196

star fish (Echinodermata) false

Question 197

In the invertebrate chordates, the pharyngeal slits carried out which of the following functions? However, in non-tetrapod vertebrates, this structure was exapted to fulfill another function. Which?

Answer 197

suspension-feeding devices ## Footnote respiration or gas exchange

Question 198

Which characteristic(s) is/are NOT characteristics shared by all Chordates. 1. Milk 2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. Notochord at some stage of life history 4. Pharyngeal slits/clefts at some stage of life history 5. Lungs 6. Muscular, post-anal tail at some stage of life history

Answer 198

1,5

Question 199

Mark each statement as T/F. Lampreys (Petromyzontida) are vertebrates which lack jaws. The neural crest is a feature found only in 4-legged vertebrates (tetrapods). Vertebrates are thought to be paraphyletic since most agree that the backbone (vertebral column) evolved separately in various animal groups. The increasing anatomical complexity and diversity of vertebrates is thought to be related to increasing genetic complexity and increased number of Hox genes.

Answer 199

Lampreys (Petromyzontida) are vertebrates which lack jaws.: true The neural crest is a feature found only in 4-legged vertebrates (tetrapods); false. Vertebrates are thought to be paraphyletic since most agree that the backbone (vertebral column) evolved separately in various animal groups.: false The increasing anatomical complexity and diversity of vertebrates is thought to be related to increasing genetic complexity and increased number of Hox genes.: true

Question 200

In a typical ray-finned fish, the swim bladder allows individuals to perform which of the following processes The swim bladder is thought to be an exaptation (evolutionary modification) of which structure

Answer 200

adjust buoyancy lung

Question 201

Sharks are unusual in that the group exhibits a diversity of developmental mechanisms for their young. Match the term with the appropriate description. **producing young by means of eggs that are hatched after they have been laid by the parent** **producing young by means of eggs which are hatched within the body of the parent (but not nourished by the parent)** **giving birth to live young that have developed inside the body of the parent and were nourished by the parent during development.**

Answer 201

**producing young by means of eggs that are hatched after they have been laid by the parent:** oviparous **producing young by means of eggs which are hatched within the body of the parent (but not nourished by the parent):** ovoviviparous **giving birth to live young that have developed inside the body of the parent and were nourished by the parent during development.:** viviparous

Question 202

Select the term of phrase that best completes each sentence. Amphibian eggs All Tetrapods have all of these characteristics except The Amphibians include all of these groups except

Answer 202

lack a shell and must be laid in wet/moist location hair snakes (Squamates)

Question 203

Which of the following extant (currently living) animal groups are directly descended from dinosaurs? 1) lizards 2) crocodiles 3) birds 4) tuataras 5) snakes 6) turtles

Answer 203

birds

Question 204

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? Based on what you know, which of the following characteristics are analogous (evolved independently) in mammals and birds and are not homologous characteristics inherited from a common ancestor?

Answer 204

Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction ## Footnote endothermy

Question 205

Select the TWO groups of organisms which are amniotes. ## Footnote hagfish (Petromyzontida) lobed-fin fish (Acinistia) turtles (Reptilia) lion (Mammalia) amphibians (Amphibia)

Answer 205

turtles (Reptilia) lion (Mammalia)

Question 206

During chordate evolution, which of the following structures arose first blank and which evolved last

Answer 206

jaws, milk

Question 207

Imagine you had a complete **_fossil_**. Which of the following would best help to determine if the fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? Which of the following is a derived characteristic of primates?

Answer 207

examine teeth fingerprints

Question 208

Monotremes and marsupials are both unusual mammals. MATCH the characteristics below with the group it applies to **lay eggs** **complete embryonic development in a pouch** **found only in Australia & New Guinea** **found in the Americas (including USA!)**

Answer 208

**lay eggs: monotremes** **complete embryonic development in a pouch: marsupials** **found only in Australia & New Guinea: monotremes** **found in the Americas (including USA!): marsupials**

Question 209

**What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of chordates?** 1. Vertebrae 2. Jaws 3. Bilateral symmetry 4. Limbs with digits 5. Amniotic egg 6. Notochord

Answer 209

3, 6, 1, 2, 4, 5

Question 210

Which of the following structural features of the digestive system of larger animals most improves the efficiency of exchange of energy and materials with the environment? How can flatworms survive without a circulatory system?

Answer 210

more branching or folds in the digestive track the animals are very thin and their cells are all in contact with the environment

Question 211

In mammals, growth hormone is an endocrine signaling molecule produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates repair and growth of various tissues. Which of the following is required for a tissue to respond to growth hormone? Compared to the nervous systems, the endocrine system responds more blank The endocrine response is also blank and impacts blank

Answer 211

the presence of a growth hormone receptors on the cells of this tissue slowly, sustained over time, systemic

Question 212

Mark each statement about epithelial tissue as T/F. Epithelial tissues hold tissues and organs together and in place. Epithelial tissues are layers that passively protect the organisms from the environment. Epithelial tissues come in several shapes, including cuboidal (cube-shaped) Epithelial tissues cells are more closely packed together than connective tissue cells.

Answer 212

Epithelial tissues hold tissues and organs together and in place.: false Epithelial tissues are layers that passively protect the organisms from the environment.: false Epithelial tissues come in several shapes, including cuboidal (cube-shaped): true Epithelial tissues cells are more closely packed together than connective tissue cells.: true

Question 213

Match the muscle type with function. skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle

Answer 213

running, digestion, heartbeat

Question 214

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as The human organ that serves as the "thermostat" for maintaining thermal homeostasis is

Answer 214

homeostasis ## Footnote hypothalamus

Question 215

The animal that best characterizes a thermal homeostasis 'regulator' is This animal is a thermal homeostasis 'conformer'. The ability of an animals to adjust its homeostatic condition to adjust to changes in the external environment is known as

Answer 215

Road runner bird Tuna fish acclimatization

Question 216

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm The use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat is much more common in small mammals than larger ones. Which characteristic of small mammals created the selective pressure that favored the widespread use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat?

Answer 216

invests little energy in temperature regulation Small mammals have a large surface area to volume ratio, which allows rapid heat loss.

Question 217

Match the definition with the most appropriate term. **utilize internal, metabolic heat to regulate body temperature** **regulates gain or loss of heat to/from environment in order to regulate body temperatue** **allows body temperature to fluctuate with the environment** **maintain relatively constant body temperature**

Answer 217

endothermic ectothermics poikilotherm homeotherm

Question 218

Which of the following animals most likely uses the _largest_ percentage of its annual energy budget for homeostatic temperature regulation? Which of the following animals most likely uses the _smallest_ percentage of its annual energy budget for homeostatic temperature regulation?

Answer 218

Black bear in Montana Cave-dwelling snake

Question 219

Which of the following statements is most consistent from the data in the graph relating rates of biomass-specific BMR (rate/kg) to animal size? T/F. This graph also shows that an elephant will need less food to survive than a harvest mouse. ![]()

Answer 219

A harvest mouse need to consume more food per kg of tissue than a horse. false

Question 220

Which of the following would NOT be used as a reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate? T/F. Activity level (like running) significantly impacts metabolic rate of endotherms but does not alter metabolic rate of ectotherms

Answer 220

water consumed during a period of time false

Question 221

A researcher at Baylor was studying two organisms of approximately the same size (a very cute lizard and a happy squirrel, both weighing about 750g). She was measuring oxygen consumption rate (ml O2/hr) as the measure of metabolic rate. She started with the lizard since she felt it would be easier to keep it quite while measuring the ectotherm's standard metabolic rate (SMR). She eventually felt confident she had accurately measure the lizard's SMR and found the average to be 50 ml O2/hr. Based on that result, what might she reasonably expect the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the squirrel to be?

Answer 221

500 ml O2/hr