bio final Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Basic unit of life
A
cells
2
Q
the membrane bound compartments in eukaryotic cells are
A
organelles
3
Q
the subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom are
A
protons and neutrons
4
Q
the property of plasma membranes that allows only certain types of molecules to cross the membranes without assistance is
A
selective permebility
5
Q
a bond in which one or more electrons are shared between the atoms of a molecule is called a
A
covalent bond
6
Q
the 2 types of secondary protein structures are
A
a-helix and b-pleated sheet
7
Q
the building blocks of proteins are
A
amino acids
8
Q
the building blocks of nucleic acids are
A
nucleotides
9
Q
the covalent bonds that connect the monosaccharides of polysaccharides are called
A
glycosidic bonds
10
Q
the end products of mitosis are
A
2 daughter cells that are genetically identical
11
Q
the process of G1,S, and G2 is
A
interphase
12
Q
during meiosis, the chromosome number is cut in half at
A
meiosis 1
13
Q
_____________ lines up on opposite sides of the metaphase plate during meiosis 1
A
homologous chromosomes
14
Q
cytokinesis is the
A
division of the cytoplasm
15
Q
the central dogma of biology states that information in a cell flows from
A
RNA-DNA-Proteins
16
Q
the segment of DNA molecule with instructions for protein synthesis is called a
A
gene
17
Q
the neurotransmitter that is used to stimulate muscle contraction is
A
acetylcholine
18
Q
a ______ is a sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acids
A
codon
19
Q
the process of RNA synthesis is called
A
transcription
20
Q
the enzyme that synthesizes DNA is
A
DNA polymerase
21
Q
true/false. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that move ions from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration
A
false
22
Q
neurons communicate with other cells across a
A
synapse
23
Q
cells structure and shape is determined by the __________ in the prokaryotic cells and the ____________ in the eukaryotic cells
A
synapse/cytoskeleton
24
Q
the structure of a neuron transmits the action potential is an
A
axon
25
chemical signals that are released into the blood and stimulate a response in distant target cells
hormones
26
the process of maintaining a relatively constant internal environment is
homeostasis
27
the two functions of excretory systems are
osmoregulation and excretion of nitrogenous wastes
28
glycogen, cellulose, and starch are all examples of
polysaccharides
29
true/false. Hydrophobic molecules interact with water and hydrophilic molecules do not interact with water.
false
30
an allele is
one of several possible forms of a gene
31
archaea and bacteria do not have membrane bound organelles; therefore, they are known as
prokaryotes
32
when a neuron is at rest where is the concentration of sodium ions highest
outside the cell
33
the functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron
34
the structure is a nephron that is responsible for filtering the blood is
the glomerulus
35
the observable traits expressed in an organism are descirbed as its
phenotype
36
the hormone that is important in regulating the metabolic rate of an organism is
thyroxin
37
true/false. The diffusion of sodium ions across the membrane results in the generation of an action potential.
true
38
the hormone that is responsible for raising blood glucose levels is
glucagon
39
the enzyme that synthesizes RNA is
RNA Polymerase
40
what are the characteristics of living things?
to grow, respond, reproduce, and depend on there environment
41
What are the steps of the scientific method?
observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, test, and conclusion
42
What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?
should be clear and reliable
43
what is pseudoscience?
statements that claim to be scientific and factual
44
how does a hypothesis become a theory?
when its been confirmed through an experiment
45
why is it important to include a control group when you design an experiment?
to compare and confirm the study was accurate
46
how do you calculate the atomic mass of an atom?
adding the total number of protons and the total number of neutrons of that particular isotope
47
what is the difference between the isotopes of an element?
An isotope is one of two or more forms of the same chemical element
48
What differentiates isotopes of the same element?
the number of neutrons
49
proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are________ constructed of_________
polymers...monomers
50
the glucose molecules in starch are held together by________bonds.
glycosidic
51
lipids are diverse in structure, but all are alike in that they are__________.
hydrophobic
52
true/false. Oils are liquid at room temperature because they consist primarily of saturated fatty acids.
false
53
the structure of proteins differs from carbohydrates and lipids in what way?
proteins contain nitrogen
54
proteins are polymers made of a combination of__________ monomers
amino acids
55
what part of an amino acids determines the chemical properties of the molecule?
the side chain
56
protein function depends on the proteins_______, which arises from the number and sequence of amino acids that make up the protein.
shape
57
what are the foundations of cell theory?
all living organisms are made up of one or more cells and all cells arise from other, preexisting living cells
58
what is not a structure of all prokaryotic cells?
nucleus
59
the starting point for translation is the start codon which has the sequence________
AUG
60
the first step to gene expression is
transcription
61
the two steps of gene expression in eukaryotes are transcription which takes place in the________and translation which takes place in the________.
nucleus;cytoplasm
62
explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA
eukaryotic DNA is found in a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic DNA is found attached to the cell membrane
63
what must happen before the bacterial cells can divide?
DNA replicates to produce two identical copies
64
during the______of the eukaryotic cell cycle, the nucleus and the chromosomes divide
mitotic phase
65
during the_______of the eukaryotic cell cycle, the DNA is replicated
S phase
66
true/false. The daughter cells produced by mitosis are identical to one another.
true
67
a cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis._______ daughter cells are created and each cell has_______chromosomes.
2;10
68
meiosis results in______daughter cells and mitosis results in_____daughter cells.
4 haploid; 2 diploid
69
a cell with a chromosome number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
12
70
a cell with a chromosome number of 24 undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
24
71
under normal conditions, how many copies of a gene are packaged into a sperm cell?
1
72
a________is a unit of inheritance passed from parent to child.
gene
73
the two genes an individual has at a given locus, one maternal and one paternal, are referred to as_______.
alleles
74
the genetic makeup of a trait, such as a flower color, eye color or height is called a
genotype
75
a genotype that is heterozygous looks like
Gg
76
groups of cells with similar structures, along with some products of those cells, form
tissues
77
what is the correct hierarchy of organization, from least complex to most complex is...
cell--tissue--organ--organ system
78
what are the 4 major tissues in the adult animal body?
muscle,epithelial, connective, and nervous
79
what tissue is under conscious control?
skeletal muscle
80
what makes one type of connective tissue different from another?
the extracellular matrix
81
the increased frequency and intensity of uterine contractions during childbirth are an example of
positive feedback
82
what mechanism of heat exchange involves liquid?
evaporation
83
which of the following would be a response to a drop in body temperature?
constriction of blood vessels and shivering
84
which of the reactions to a change in temperature requires energy?
sweating and shivering
85
the_____is the organ through which blood flows to maintain water and solute homeostasis in the body.
kidney
86
cells of freshwater fish move to a_________environment.
hypertonic
87
through the process of_________, water and other solutes in filtrate needed by the body are returned to interstitial fluid.
reabsorption
88
the normal waste product of the urinary system is made of excess water and_______
urea
89
what are the two type of cells that make up the nervous system?
neurons and glial cells
90
which ion is involved in the firing of an action potential?
sodium ions
91
a synapse is
the junction at which a neuron communicates with another cell
92
which cell in a synapse releases the neurotransmitter?
presynaptic cell
93
a commonly used drug, nicotine, works by mimicking the neurotransmitter,_______, which causes the release of other stimulation chemicals.
acetylcholine
94
when______receptors on cells fill up, it causes fatigue. Caffeine works by blocking these receptors without the same effect.
adenosine
95
hormones are usually transported through______and affect______
blood vessels....target cells
96
chemicals that are secreted by the body and elicit a response in another body are
pheromones
97
hormones that act by binding to plasma membrane receptors are
water-soluble
98
what organelle in the eukaryotic cell contains the genetic information of the cells?
nucleus
99
what types of lipids makeup cell membranes?
phospholipids
100
which enzyme synthesizes the new DNA strands during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
