bio final Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
what limits size cell?
A
diffusion
2
Q
cancer
A
uncontrolled division of body cells resulting in the creation of abnormal cells
3
Q
tumor
A
a mass rapidly dividing cells
4
Q
cell cycle definition
A
a continuous series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
5
Q
phases of interphase
A
G1, S, G2
6
Q
G1 phase
A
rapid cell growth
7
Q
what phase does the cells spend the most time in?
A
interphase
8
Q
S phase
A
growth and synthesis for DNA, replication
9
Q
G2
A
growth, final preparation for mitosis
10
Q
m phase includes:
A
mitosis and cytokinesis
11
Q
mitosis includes:
A
telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
12
Q
cell
A
building blocks of life
13
Q
chromosomes
A
thread like structures in the nucleus, made up of dna, that contains all instructions
14
Q
dna
A
deoxyribonucleic acid that carries genetic information
15
Q
genes
A
sequence of dna that codes for proteins and determines a trait
16
Q
body cell
A
cells in the body of an organism
17
Q
asexual reproduction
A
a single parent by itself (divides into 2 or splits)
18
Q
diploid
A
a cell that has 2 of every kind of chromosome
19
Q
body cell includes
A
asexual, diploids
20
Q
sex cells
A
gametes, cells produce by the sex organs of an organism
21
Q
sperm
A
male sex cell
22
Q
egg
A
female sex cell
23
Q
sexual reproduction
A
cells from 2 different parents join together to produce the 1st cell
24
Q
haploid
A
a cell that only has 1 chromosome for each pair
25
sex cell includes:
sexual, haploid
26
mitosis
making body cells by asexual reproduction, division of nucleus
27
what does mitosis result in
2 new cells that are identical
28
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm and organelles, occurs at the same time as mitosis
29
interphase 1
replication occurs
30
prophase 1
sister chromatids pair, start to join
31
anaphase 1
sister chromatids pairs move to opposite poles
32
telophase 1 and cyto 1
2 haploid cells form
33
prophase 2
nothing happens
34
metaphase 2
line up in the middle
35
anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
36
telophase and cyto 2
both cells divide creating 4 cells
37
meiosis includes:
interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase and cyto 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase and cyto 2
38
meiosis starts with ___ cell
body
39
meiosis s completed in ___ cell divisions
2
40
how is meiosis different from the end to the beginning
beginning there is 1 diploid with 4 chromosomes. end there is 4 haploids with 2 chromosomes
41
why doesn't replication occur after telophase 1 during meiosis
2 haploids are forming and there is no interphase
42
why is meiosisclled "reduction division"
it halves the number of chromosomes
43
ow many devisions occur in meiosis
2
44
define tetrad
a group of 4 chromatids
45
benign tumor
defects (mutations) in 1 or 2 genes causes rapid cell division among small groups of cells
46
malignant tumor
additional mutations lead these cells to divide more rapidly and attack blood cells
47
carcinogen
a substance that causes mutations in a cell resulting in uncontrolled cell division
48
radiation therapy
cancer cells are damaged using a bombardment of high energy particles
49
chemotherapy
treating cancer with chemicals
50
chromosome
a single strand of coiled dna in the nucleus
51
what kind of reproduction is mitosis
asexual
52
what kind of reproduction is meiosis
sexual
53
mitosis-what kind of cells
body
54
meiosis- what kind of cells
sex
55
location mitosis
nucleus
56
location meiosis
gonads
57
identical or different?- mitosis
idetical
58
identical or different- meiosis
different
59
gametes
sex cells
60
nondisjunction
chromosome pairs don't separate during meiosis
61
crossing over
non sister chromosomes from homologous pairs exchange genetic information
62
centromere
middle of chromosome
63
sister chromatid
2 identical chromatids
64
centrioles
located in cytoplasm near nucleus
65
dominant genes
genes that keep other genes from showing their traits
66
recessive
genes that do not show their traits when dominant traits are present
67
homozygous
an organism with 2 identical alleles/genes for a trait
68
pure bred
2 identical alleles/genes
69
pure dominant
organisms with 2 dominant
70
pure recessive
organisms with 2 recessive
71
heterozygous
organism that has 2 different
72
hybrid
2 different alleles/genes
73
multiple alleles
traits for which more than 2 possible alleles exist
74
trait
specific characteristics
75
gene
small section of a chromosome that determines a trait
76
allele
different forms of 1 gene
77
probability
tendency a particular event will occur
78
cross
combining alleles from the mother and father for a particular gene
79
Punnett square
a diagram that is used to show possible gene combination
80
genotype
genetic make up
81
phenotype
physical characteristics
82
codominance
both alleles contribute to the phenotype
83
incomplete dominance
one alley is not completely dominant over another
84
codomiance has what as the subscript
letters
85
incomplete dominance has what as the subscript
1
86
A genotype
I^A I^A or I^A i
87
principle of dominance
some alleles are dominant and some are recessive, these traits are passed from parent to offspring
88
what are the purines
adenine and guanine
89
what are the pyridines
thymine and cytosine
89
what makes up the backbone of a dna molecule
phosphate group a doxyribose
90
what bond holds the sugar phosphate backbone together
covalent
91
the sequence of ___ determine code for life
nitrogen bases
92
what bonds hold base pairs
hydrogen
93
what must happen before replication can occur
unwind and unzip
94
mutations
a change in genetics
95
point mutations
change in 1 or a few nucleotides
96
substituions
one base is substituted or changed for another
97
frame shift mutation
changes in the 3 base reading frame
98
insertion
causes the entire reading frame to shift
99
deletion
base is removed from sequence
100
inversion
part of chromosome is reversed
101
translocation
part of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
102
where does replication occur
nucleus
103
where does transcription occur
nucleus
104
where does translation occur
ribosome
105
dna
nucleus acid that stores and transmits hereditary
106
rna
acts as a messenger carrying instructions for dna to make proteins
107
replication
copying or duplicating dna
108
transcription
copying a part of the nucleotide sequence of dna into a complementary sequence of RNA
109
translation
decoding of mRNA message into a protein chain
110
codon
3 nucleotides in a row on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid
111
what are the 3 parts of a dna mlecule
deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base
112
deoxyribose
simple sugar
113
phosphate group
phosphate
114
nitrogen bases
nitrogen containing base
115
base pairs
hydrogen bonds form between specific bases to hold the 2 strands o dna together
116
what base pairs go together
A+T and C+G
117
ribose
sugar in rna
118
in rna, what is in place of thymine
uracil
119
rna single stranded or double?
single
120
dna single stranded or double?
double
121
contains deoxyribose
dna
122
contains ribose
rna
123
found in nucleus
dna, rna
124
found in cytoplasm
rna
125
messenger rna (mRNA) location
nucleus-cytoplasm-ribosome
126
messenger rna (mRNA)
carrys copies of instructions for assembling amino acids from dna
127
ribosomal rna (rRNA) location
ribosome
128
ribosomal rna (rRNA)
parts of ribosome
129
transfer rna (tRNA) location
cytoplasm
130
transfer rna (tRNA)
transfers each amino acid to ribosome to help assemble proteins
131
transgenic
organism or cell that has been altered
132
what did Darwin observe?
diversity among plants and animals
133
gene pool
all of the genes/alleles in a population capable of interbreeding
134
relative frequncy
the number of times an allele occurs in gene pool
135
single gene trait
traits controlled by one gene that has 2 alleles (discrete trait)
136
polygenic trait
controlled by more than one set of alleles
137
directional selection
one end has higher fitness than the middle
138
stablizing
center have highest fitness
139
disruptive
upper and lower end have higher fitness
140
homologous structures
structures that have different forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue
141
vestigal organs
organs that serve no useful function in organism
142
artificial selection
humans selecting organisms for breeding that have useful or desired traits
143
struggle for existence
members of a species compete regularly for food, living space, etc
144
adaptions
an inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
145
fitness
the ability of an organisms to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
146
natural selection
individuals that are bette suited to their environment, survive and reproduce the most successful
147
descent with modification
each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
148
evolution
a change in mind of organism over time
149
speciation
changes that lead to the formation of a new species
150
behaviorally isolation
differences in courtship and reproductive strategies involving behaviors
151
geographic isolation
seperation by geographic barriers
152
temporal isolation
species may reproduce at different times
153
fossil
preserved remaining of evidence of an ancient organism
154
extinction
species die out
155
adaptive radiation
single species/groups of organisms evolve into diverse forms that live in different ways
156
convergent evolution
unrelated organisms evolve independently to resemble one another because they are in the same habitat
157
coevolution
2 organisms, which depend on each other, change because of changes in another
158
punctuated equilibrium
long stable periods of equilibrium followed by breif period of rapid change
159
genetic drift
random change in allele frequency
160
reproductive isolation
when new species evolve, differences in reproduction
161
Weinberg principle
mating is random, population is very large, no emigrating, no mutations, no natural selection
162
dichotomous key
a key for identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characteristics
163
cladorgram
a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
164
taxon
each level of Linnaeus classification
165
kingdom
a group closely related to phyla
166
phylum
a group closely related to classes
167
class
closely related to order
168
order
closely related family
169
family
closely related to genera
170
genus
closely related species
171
name all domains in order
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
172
taxonomy
classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepting name
173
binomial nomenclature
classification system in which each specie is assigned a 2 part scientific name
174
genus
a group of closely related species
175
domain
a group of related kingdoms
176
what are the 3 domain systems
eukarya, bacteria, archaea
177
what's in eukarya
protist, fungi, plantae, animalia
178
what's in bacteria system
eubacteria
179
what's in archaea system
archaebacteria
180
the scientific name is always written how
italics or underlined
181
the first word is always written how
1st letter capitalized, represents the genus
182
second word is
lower case, represents species
183
circulatory system
circulate blood, removes waste, helps blood clotting
184
circulate blood, removes waste, helps blood clotting
circulatory system
185
skeletal system
protects organs, allows movement, produces blood cells
186
protects organs, allows movement, produces blood cells
skeletal system
187
digesive system
digest and absorb food, transports food
188
digest and absorb food, transports food
digesive system
189
excretory system
filter waste, convert food to energy, release hormones
190
filter waste, convert food to energy, release hormones
excretory system
191
muscular system
mobility, stability, posture, circulation
192
mobility, stability, posture, circulation
muscular system
193
nervous system
made of nerves, spinal cord, central, peripheral
194
made of nerves, spinal cord, central, peripheral
nervous system
195
respiratory
takes oxygen to heart
196
takes oxygen to heart
respiratory
