BIO FINAL Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
steps of the scientific method
A
make observations, ask a question, form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis (experiment), draw conclusions, communicate results
2
Q
scientific hypotheses
A
possible answer to a scientific question based on scientific knowledge
3
Q
scientific law
A
is always true
4
Q
scientific theories
A
broad explanation for events that are accepted to be true
5
Q
control group
A
the aspects of an experiment that are maintained in order to keep the experiment controlled
6
Q
dependent variable
A
the thing that is measured; examples: height of the plant, the temperature of the water
7
Q
independent variable
A
the thing that is changed; examples: the growing medium, the type of liquid used to measure the plant
8
Q
characteristics of living things
A
responds to environment, grows and develops, produces offspring, maintains homeostasis, has complex chemistry, and consists of cells
9
Q
principles of biology
A
cell theory, gene theory, homeostasis, evolution
10
Q
cell theory
A
- all living things are made up of cells
- all living things come from other cells
- all organisms start as a single cell
11
Q
gene theory
A
characteristics of living things are controlled by genes
12
Q
homeostasis
A
keeping things constant; the ability to maintain a balance
13
Q
evolution
A
change in the characteristics of living things over time; happens through natural selection
14
Q
properties of water
A
hydrogen bonds
15
Q
pH scale
A
the lower the number, the more acidic it is; the higher the number, the more basic it is; 1-14
16
Q
what is the main element in organic compounds?
A
carbon
17
Q
carbohydrates
A
provides and stores energy, forms body structures
18
Q
lipids
A
stores energy, forms cell membrane, and carries messages
19
Q
proteins
A
help cells to keep shape, makes up muscles, speeds up chemical reactions, carries messages and materials
20
Q
nucleic acids
A
contains instructions for proteins, passes instructions from parent to offspring, helps make proteins
21
Q
structure of carbohydrates
A
made of many monosaccharides
22
Q
structure of lipids
A
made of saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids
23
Q
structure of proteins
A
made of amino acids; 20 different kinds found in living things; form a chain called a polypeptide
24
Q
structure of nucleic acids
A
made up of nucleotides; form a chain called a polynucleotide
25
endothermic reaction
energy is absorbed
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exothermic reaction
energy is released
27
how do enzymes speed up chemical reactions
their shape attracts the molecules that need to be paired together to the active site
28
what are some factors that affect enzymes?
pH level, temperature, and ionic conditions
29
first person to use the word "cell" to describe them
Robert Hooke
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Leeuwenhoek
made microscopes that are very similar to modern light microscopes; found tiny animals that we now call bacteria
31
Schwann and Schleiden
proposed that cells are the basic building blocks of all things
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Virchow
said that all cells come from other cells
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prokaryotic cells do not have...
a nucleus
34
DNA in prokaryotic cells is stored...
in a single loop
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the parts of a prokaryotic cell...
ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, and the flagellum
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main parts of an animal cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, other organelles, cell membrane
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organelles in an animal cell
mitochondria, golgi body, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, and centrioles
38
plant cells have...
a central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall in addition to the other organelles in animal cells
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cytoplasm
helps cell to keep shape and suspends organelles in place
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nucleus
largest organelle, controls what proteins are made
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mitochondria
create ATP for the cell
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
provides a framework for ribosomes
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
its membrane forms vesicles that carry proteins away from the ER; also makes lipids and stores substances
44
ribosomes
where proteins are made
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golgi body
processes proteins, packages them and sends them to different parts in the cell, also transports lipids
46
vesicles and vacuoles
sac-like organelles that store and transport materials
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lysosomes
use enzymes to break down foreign matter and dead cells
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which organelles are only found in plants?
cell wall, a LARGE CENTRAL vacuole, and plastids
49
cell wall
rigid layer that surrounds the cell to provide structure and allow water and nutrients to enter; often made of cellulose
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large central vacuole
takes up the majority of the cell's volume; stores materials, provides structure, and can even provide coloring
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plastids
different types of organelles that are only found in plants
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chloroplasts
provide the green pigment in plants, conduct photosynthesis
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organization of cells
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
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phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; the tails face inward and the heads outward
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centrioles
only found in animal cells; help to organize organelles before cell division
56
Why is no energy necessary for passive transport?
substances are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area with a lower concentration
57
molecules that go into the cell by simple diffusion...
are often hydrophobic
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osmosis occurs until...
the water concentration is the same on both sides of the plasma membrane (inside the cell and outside the cell)
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if transport proteins help materials get through the membrane, it is called
facilitated diffusion
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channel proteins
help water to get though the membrane so that they do not touch the hydrophobic tails; form a hole in the bilayer
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carrier proteins
bind with certain ions or molecules and carry them across the layer
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active transport is required when...
materials are moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
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energy in active transport comes from this
ATP
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sodium-potassium pump
sodium exits the cell, potassium enters the cell; both going from lower to higher concentrations
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with vesicle transport the _____ does not matter
concentration; if the material is too large, vesicle transport is necessary
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material moving into the cell
endocytosis
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material leaving the cell
exocytosis
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hypotonic solution
less solute in the solution than inside the cell (concentration in the solution
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where do water molecules go in a hypotonic solution?
they go into the cell because there are less solute in the solution to block the way
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isotonic solution
relatively equal concentration of solute in and outside the cell (concentration in the solution=concentration in the cell)
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hypertonic solution
more solute in the solution than inside the cell (concentration in the solution>concentration in the cell)
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where do water molecules go in a hypertonic solution?
they leave the cell because there is less solute in the cell to block the exit
73
why do cells divide?
to reproduce, to replace lost or dead cells, and to promote the growth of the structure they are a part of
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what process do prokaryotic cells use to reproduce?
binary fisssion
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what are the steps of binary fission?
1. DNA replication; end up with two identical chromosomes
2. each chromosome moves to a different part of the cell
3. plasma membrane starts to grow down the center of the cell creating two new cells
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what is being divided in mitosis?
the nucleus
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what is happens during cytokinesis?
the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells form
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the mitosis phase of the cell cycle includes what two processes?
mitosis and cytokinesis
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what three phases are grouped together in interphase?
G1, S, and G2
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Growth Phase 1 (G1)
cell grows rapidly and prepares for division by making necessary materials; cell spends most of it's time in this state
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Synthesis (S)
cell's DNA is copied through DNA replication
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Growth Phase 2 (G2)
final preparations to divide are made
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cell growth checkpoint
at the end of G1; checks whether cell is big enough and has the proper proteins
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DNA synthesis checkpoint
during S phase; checks whether DNA has been replicated correctly
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mitosis checkpoint
during the mitosis (M) phase; checks whether cell has divided properly, if so the cycle repeats with the new cells
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structure of chromosome
two sister chromatids in an x-shape joined at the center by a centromere
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phases of mitosis
PMAT; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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cytokinesis in animal cells
plasma membrane pinches to form two new cells
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cytokinesis in plant cells
cell plate divides the two cells and new plasma membrane forms
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asexual reproduction
single parent, offspring are identical with each other
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sexual reproduction
requires two parents; gamete cells are formed and they unite to form the offspring
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a zygote is a....
diploid cell because it has twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete
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haploid cells contain...
half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism
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homologous chromosomes
are chromosomes that may have different DNA, but code for the same genes, hybrid chromosomes form from homologous chromosomes through crossing-over; provides offspring that are not genetically identical to the parents
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prophase I
homologous chromosome pairs are formed and crossing-over occurs
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metaphase I
homologous pairs line up at the equator
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anaphase I
homologous pairs are pulled apart
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telophase I
nuclear membrane reforms
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meiosis I results in...
two haploid cells
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prophase II
DNA condenses
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metaphase II
chromosomes line up at the equator
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anaphase II
sister chromatids are pulled apart
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telophase II
nuclear envelope reforms; four haploid cells are produced
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the haploid cells that result from meiosis II are also called...
gametes
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generation
all the offspring from two parents
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characteristic
a visible trait that can have different variations (ex: flower color)
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trait
the different variations of characteristics (ex: purple flowers)
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hybrid
the offspring of two parents from the same species
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genetics
the science of heredity
110
why were pea plants good test subjects?
fast growing and easy to raise
111
procedure
cross two different colored flowers (p generation)
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F1 generation
all had the dominant trait
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F2 generation
3 dominant : 1 recessive
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dominant
if it is present in the genotype, the organism will have that trait
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recessive
may be present in the genotype but will not always appear
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homozygous
when the genotype is made up of all the same alleles (ex: RR, rr)
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heterozygous
the genotype is made up of different alleles (ex: Rr)
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genotype
the genetic makeup
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phenotype
the physical trait
120
law of segregation
two factors controlling a certain trait and one is dominant over the other
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law of independent assortment
factors controlling different traits are inherited independently of each other
122
incomplete dominance
dominant allele is influenced by the recessive allele
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codominance
both alleles are expressed equally
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multiple alleles
having more than two different alleles for a given traint (ex: blood type)
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polygenic characteristics
controlled by more than 1 gene (ex: skin color)
126
sex-linked traits
travel on the X chromosome; if a male has an X chromosome that is dominant for the sex-linked trait then he will have that trait
127
Miescher
isolates nuclein
128
Chargaff
shows that the proportions of nitrogen bases in organisms is always the same
129
Avery
determined that DNA transmits genetic information
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Hershey and Chase
also conclude that DNA is the genetic material
131
Wilkins and Franklin
take x-ray images of DNA
132
Watson and Crick
determine the 3-D structure of DNA
133
Griffith
discovered that genetic info could transfer between organisms
134
DNA is made up of...
two nucleotide chains; each nucleotide chain has a sugar/phosphate backbone and nitrogen bases are complementary to each other
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where does DNA replication take place
replication forks
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1st step of DNA replication
DNA helicase unwinds the DNA strand
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2nd step of DNA replication
DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand
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how is DNA replication semi-conservative?
it has one strand from the parent and one new strand
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how is RNA different from DNA?
single strand instead of two, ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine
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mRNA
messenger; carries instructions for making proteins
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tRNA
transfer; carries amino acids
142
rRNA
ribosomal; helps form ribosomes
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transcription
takes place in the nucleus, uses DNA as a template to make mRNA strand, it leaves the nucleus
144
translation
reads the mRNA strand and makes a protein
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point mutation
change in single nucleotide
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silent mutation
codes for same amino acid
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missense
codes for different amino acid
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nonsense
premature stop codon
149
insertion
piece of a chromosome is inserted into another one
150
deletion
part of a chromosome is deleted
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frameshift mutation
a change in nucleotides that changes what proteins will be made
152
nondisjunction
the failure of replicated chromosomes to separate
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binomial nomenclature allows...
scientists to talk about the same species no matter their native language
154
scientific name includes
genus name + species name
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taxonomic classifications (broad to specific)
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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kingdoms in archaea
archaebacteria
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kingdoms in bacteria
eubacteria
158
kingdoms in eukarya
protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
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abiotic factors
physical, not living (ex: temperature, sunlight, rocks)
160
biotic factors
living (ex: animals, plants)
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ecosystem
interactions among the organisms and the physical surroundings in a particular area
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community
all organisms in an ecosystem
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population
members of the same species living in the same area
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1st trophic level
producers
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2nd trophic level
herbivores
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3rd trophic level
carnivores/omnivores
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4th trophic level
top carnivore
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food chains show...
a single path of energy through organisms
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food webs show...
multiple paths of energy through organisms
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the percentage of energy that is passed to each trophic level
10%
171
if a lower trophic level consumes a toxin...
the concentration of the toxin becomes higher as it goes up each trophic level
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runoff
streams, rivers; flows across the surface of the earth
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percolation
water settles beneath the surface of the earth
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transpiration
plants release water which evaporates into the atmosphere
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cellular respiration
releases carbon into the atmosphere
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photosynthesis
removes carbon dioxide
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ammonification
nitrogen from dead organic material returns to soil as ammonia
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nitrification
making nitrate from ammonia
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assimilation
process by which plants absorb nitrogen from soil
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denitrification
nitrate is changed into atmospheric nitrogen gas
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tropical rainforest
most diversity; great amounts of rain; humid
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temperate deciduous forest
lots of trees; shed leaves
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taiga
spruces and firs; lakes and marshes
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tundra
coldest biome
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grasslands
few plants except for grass
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desert
hot, little rain
187
chaparral
found in cali; summers are very dry
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freshwater
no salt
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marine
salt
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predation
predator eats prey
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competition
organisms are competing for resources
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mutualism
both species benefit (ex: bees and flowers)
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commensalism
one species benefits and the other is unaffected (ex: hermit crabs and old shells)
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parasitism
one species benefits while the other is harmed; some parasites will kill their host
