Bio Final Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
complex cell with membrane-bound organelles
A
eukaryotic
2
Q
simple cell with no organelles
A
prokaryotic
3
Q
largest to smallest cell stuff
A
nucleus - chromosomes - genes - DNA - nucleotides
4
Q
energy enters ecosystem as _____ and exits as _____
A
light / heat
5
Q
define inductive reasoning
A
specific to general
6
Q
define deductive reasoning
A
general to specific
7
Q
cannot be broken down, composed of atoms
A
element
8
Q
elements that are essential for life
A
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
9
Q
smallest unit of element that will keep the properties of the element
A
atom
10
Q
what is the atomic number?
A
number of protons
11
Q
what is the mass number or atomic mass?
A
sum of protons and neutrons
12
Q
atoms of the same element but they have different numbers of neutrons
A
isotopes
13
Q
What changes between an element and an isotope?
A
atomic number will be the same but mass number will be different
14
Q
What is the outside shell that participates in bonding?
A
valence shell
15
Q
two or more atoms held together by interaction of electrons, usually covalently bonded
A
molecule
16
Q
two or more DIFFERENT elements combined in a fixed ratio and has different characteristics of its elements
A
compound
17
Q
attraction of oppositely charged ions, exchange of electrons
A
ionic bond
18
Q
sharing electrons, stronger than ionic bonds
A
covalent bonds
19
Q
unequal sharing of electron density
A
polar
20
Q
equal sharing of electron density
A
nonpolar
21
Q
H bond with with O, N, or F in, weak in aqueous systems
A
hydrogen bonds
22
Q
atoms have one or more unpaired electrons in their outer shells - unstable and reactive
A
free radicals
23
Q
atom, molecule, or ion loses electron(s)
A
oxidation
24
Q
atom, molecule, or ion gains electron(s)
A
reduction
25
attraction between molecules of same substance
cohesion
26
cohesion between water molecules
surface tension
27
attraction between molecules of different substances
adhesion
28
water can _________ a lot of heat without really changing ______
absorb/release
| temperature
29
ice is ____ dense than water
less
30
water soluble molecules are ____
hydrophilic/polar
31
water insoluble molecules are ____
hydrophobic/nonpolar
32
increases H+ concentration, proton donors, pH LESS THAN 7
acid
33
reduces H+ concentration, proton acceptors, pH MORE THAN 7
base
34
minimize pH change and are composed of weak acids/bases
buffers
35
carbon skeletons held together by covalent bonds and hydrogen atoms/functional groups
organic compounds
36
carbon dioxide and all molecules without carbon
inorganic compounds
37
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons
38
same molecular formula but differ in arrangement
structural isomer
39
mirror images of each other
enantiomers
40
attached to Carbon backbone and determine characteristics of organic molecules
functional groups
41
polar, in alcohols
hydroxyl group
42
polar, in aldehydes and ketones
carbonyl group
43
weakly acidic, in organic acids
carboxyl group
44
weakly basic, in amino acids
*** amino group ***
45
polar, found in some amino acids
sulfhydryl group
46
weakly acidic, found in nucleic acids
phosphate group
47
nonpolar, found in lipids
methyl groups
48
putting stuff together and removing water
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
49
breaking stuff apart by adding water
hydrolysis
50
made of C H O in 1:2:1
carbohydrates
51
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage and structural construction
52
simple or single sugars
monosaccharides
53
two linked monosaccharides, double sugars
disaccharides
54
long chains of monosaccharides
polysaccharides
55
What are carbohydrates classified by?
carbonyl group
| number of carbons
56
corn syrup and fruit
fructose
57
milk and sugar
galactose
58
found in DNA and RNA
ribose and deoxyribose
59
glucose + fructose
sucrose
60
glucose + galactose
lactose
61
glucose + glucose
maltose
62
What links monosaccharides?
glycosidic linkage
63
energy storage for plants
| polymer of ALPHA glucose
starch
64
energy storage for animals
| polymer of ALPHA glucose
glycogen
65
BETA glucose found in wall of plants
cellulose
66
BETA glucose found in insects, crabs, spiders, and cell walls of fungi
chitin
67
What do lipids have long chains of?
hydrophobic hydrocarbons
68
What are lipids held together by?
Ester linkage
69
Structure of phospholipids
2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate group head
70
a set of 4 fused Carbon rings with some side chains
steroids
71
What are the bonds of proteins?
peptide bonds
72
monomers of proteins
amino acids
73
polymers of proteins
polypeptides
74
indigestible for most animals due to orientation of bonds between glucoses
cellulose
75
the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers
lipids
76
What does an amino acid consist of?
an amino group, a carboxyl group, an R group, and an alpha carbon (usually labeled)
77
amino acid chain by peptide bonds
primary structure
78
helices and pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds)
secondary structures
79
complex foldings of chains (disulfide bridges, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions)
tertiary structure
80
multiple tertiary proteins
quaternary structure
81
assist in the proper folding of proteins
chaperonin
82
- change in the environment changes the shape of a protein
| - destroy the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th structure
protein denaturing
83
monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
84
polymers of nucleic acids
polynucleotides (nucleic acid chains)
85
nucleic acid bonds
phosphodiester bonds
86
What is the structure of nucleotides?
phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, and nitrogen-containing base
87
double-ringed nitrogenous bases: A and G
purines
88
single-ringed nitrogenous bases: T and C
pyrimidines
89
double helix, build chromosomes to carry genetic info, strands are ANTIPARALLEL
DNA
90
single stranded, has URACIL instead of thymine so U pairs with A, copies from DNA and aides in protein synthesis
RNA
91
acts as an energy carriers
ATP
92
all living organisms made of one or more cells, all cells arise from other cells, all cells have common origin, some are single-celled, others are multicellular
cell theory
93
encloses all cells and regulates material flow
plasma membrane
94
the fluid interior where a cell's metabolic reactions occur
cytoplasm
95
all cells use ____ as a hereditary blueprint
DNA
96
used to copy DNA and make proteins
RNA
97
volume of cell increases _____ than surface area
faster
98
has organelles, use oxygen, multicellular, linear DNA
eukaryotic
99
archaea/bacteria, most unicellular, no oxygen or organelles, circular DNA
prokaryotic
100
double membrane bound, has chromatin (DNA and protein), nucleolus inside which is site of rRNA synthesis
nucleus
101
made of rRNA and protein, site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
102
membrane network, series of interconnected channels
endoplasmic Reticulum
103
ribosomes attached, distributes transport vehicles
rough ER
104
no ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxify drugs and poisons
smooth ER
105
membraneous sacs, bud off of organelles, transport substances
vesicles
106
set of flattened sacs (cisternae), receives proteins from ER on the cis side, packages material, and then leave the trans side - "post office"
Golgi apparatus
107
contain digestive enzymes, acidic, budded off from Golgi
lysosomes
108
membrane bound sacs; food, contractile, or central (in plant cells)
vacuoles
109
double membrane, cristae- inner membrane folding, convert energy, have their own DNA, space- matrix
mitochondria
110
double membrane, space- stroma, small discs- thylakoids, one stack of thylakoids is a granum. Where photosynthesis happens. has own circular DNA
chloroplasts
111
eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes. a non-photosynthetic organelle engulged a photosynthetic one.
Endosymbiotic Theory
112
evidence of endosymbiont theory
1. double membrane
2. both organelles have their own DNA
3. their activities are autonomous
113
break down long chain fatty acids, produce hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
114
main functions of the cytoskeleton
cell shape, cell movement, organelle movement, facilitating cell division
115
microtubule organizing centers, has two centrioles: 9+0 pattern
centrosomes
116
made of microtubules, 9+2 pattern, basal body- anchor cilia and flagella to cell; dynein: attach and fasten pairs, play roles in bending movement by sliding the microtubules
cilia and flagella
117
important in muscle cells in conjunction with myosin
microfilaments
118
move organelles through mictotubules and microfilaments. consume ATP. walk by feet along microtubules
motor proteins
119
support cell shape
intermediate filament
120
only in plants, made of cellulose
cell wall
121
in animal cells. functions: communication, cell recognition
extracellular matrix (ECM)
122
specialized contact between cells
cell junctions
123
perforate plant cell walls, allow water and small stuff to pass
plasmodesmata
124
What are the cell junctions in animal cells?
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
125
isolates the cell's contents from environment, regulates exchange of essential substances
plasma membrane
126
What are the other functions of the plasma membrane?
communicates with other cells, creates attachments within and between other cells, and provides a surface for biochemical reactions
127
protein floating in a double layer of phospholipids
fluid mosaic model
128
double layer of hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails
phospholipid bilayer
129
an increase in unsaturated fatty acids at lower growth temperatures and an increase in saturated fatty acids at higher temperatures
homeoviscuous adaptation
130
stabilizes membrane fluidity in animal membranes
cholesterol
131
proteins on the surface of the membrane
peripheral proteins
132
proteins that penetrate the membrane
integral proteins
133
random motion of particles. net movement of particles from an area of with a high concentration to an area with a low concentration
diffusion
