Bio Final Review Part 2 Flashcards by Leslie Corona

Prokaryotes

All are single-celled
No nucleus
No organelles

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Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the smallest, most basic unit of structure and organization in all organisms.
All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells (sperm and eggs)

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Eukaryotes

Single-celled protist and multicellular organism
Nucleus is present
Organelles are present

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What are the five basic structures of all cells?

Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Nucleus or nuclear area
Ribosomes

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Plasma membrane

Controls what goes in and out of the cells.
Phospholipids- form a two-layer sheet.
Cholesterol- stiffen the plasma membrane and maintain fluidity
Proteins-help perform chemical reactions.

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Glycocalyx

used for cell recognition

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Nucleus

The cellular control center
Contains the genetic information of the cell.

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Ribosomes

Synthesizes proteins using mRNA
composed of a large subunit and a small subunit.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesizes lipids.
No ribosomes
Stores calcium and detox

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains ribosomes
helps FOLD proteins
Releases proteins,

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Golgi Apparatus

Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products in the cytoplasm.
products will turn into vesicles to be used by the cell or shipped OUT of the cell.

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Peroxisomes

Breaks down lipids and free radicals.
Detox Alcohol

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Mitochondria

Harvest energy from food
Carries out cellular respiration

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Cytoskeleton

Maintenance of the cell-type anchorage.
Movement
Amoeboid Movement
Muscle contraction

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Microfilament

made up of actin subunit

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Intermediate filament

Fibrous subunits

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Microtubules

tubulin subunits

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Cilia

Short
numerous
wave like motion

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Flagella

long
longer
can only move forward.

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Tight junction

Prevents leakage of extracellular fluid
Creates impermeable barriers

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Anchoring Junction

Fastens cells together into sheets.
Movement and flexibility
Mechanically attaches to adjacent cells

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Gap Junction

Channels that allow molecules to flow between cells.
Allows for COMMUNICATION

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What organelles does a plant cell have that an animal does not have?

Central Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Plasmodesmata

Lysosomes

Sac of enzymes that digest within the cell.
Recycle or destroy damages organelles.
Hydrolytic Enzymes

Central Vacuole

Stores water, solutes, and waste. Growth and rigidity Maintenance

Chloroplast

Conduct photosynthesis. Convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars.

Cell Wall

Made of cellulose Structural support and protection Filtering mechanism

Plasmodesmata

Allows for the exchange of solutes and cell communication

Diffusion

molecules go from high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis

Water moving through a semipermeable membrane. Low solute to high solute concentration

What are the six membrane proteins?

Transport Enzyme Attachment Receptor Junction Glycoproteins

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to polar surfaces

Cohesion

Water molecules attracted to other water molecules Creates surface tension

Tonicity

ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

Isotonic

solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane

Hypertonic

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell. Cell loses water.

Hypotonic

solute concentration is less than that inside the cell. Cell will gain water.

Transport Protein

allows specific ions or molecules do enter or exit the cell.

Channel protein (transport)

Allows everything to go in and out

Carrier Protein (transport)

active transport, ATP is used, changes the shape of the protein.

Enzyme

May be grouped (work together or alone) Starts, stops, slows or speeds up reactions.

Attachement

Coordinates internal and external changes

Receptor Protein

Signaling molecules will bind to proteins and relay a message by activating the other molecules inside the cell. COMMUNICATION

Junction Protein

Form intercellular junction attach adjacent cells.

Glycoproteins

Serve as ID tags

what affects the rate of diffusion?

temperature molecular size concentration pressure

Selective permeable

water can move freely through membrane, but membrane will regulate the passage of solutes.

Facilitated Diffusion

does NOT require transport proteins. No energy, relies on concentration gradient

Passive Transport

A solute moves freely through a membrane transport protein.

Endocytosis

used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell

Exocytosis

used to export bulky molecules.

Phagocytosis

"cell eating" large items are brought into cells in a vacuole

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking" fluid is brought into the cell vesicles.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Specific molecules bind to receptors and then enter the cell in vesicles.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer. Cholesterol helps stiffen the plasma membrane at high temps. Helps to maintain fluidity at low temps.