Bio geo exam 2

Question 1

Species

Answer 1

Are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Question 2

Range

Answer 2

Range of area where a certain species lives (isn’t perfect)

Question 3

Extirpation

Answer 3

When a species ceases to exist in a specific geographic area, though it still exists elsewhere

Question 4

Population

Answer 4

The number of organisms who live in the same geographical area

Question 5

Population Density

Answer 5

= Population total/ Area of occupation (7 bears/7 mi area = 7 bears per square mile)

Question 6

Law of the Minimum

Answer 6

Growth is controlled by the scarcest resource (limiting factor), not the total amount of resources available

Question 7

Ecological Niche

Answer 7

The range of resources and abiotic conditions along with species interactions that enable a species to survive and reproduce

Question 8

Mutualism

Answer 8

Organisms that use and share each other for a mutual benefit

Question 9

Competition

Answer 9

A mutually negative interaction that occurs whenever the fitness of an organism is reduced because of the presence of another

Question 10

Interference Competition

Answer 10

Occurs when organisms interfere DIRECTLY with others attempting to forage, reproduce or establish themselves within a habitat

Question 11

Carrying Capacity

Answer 11

Equilibrium of a certain habitat (resources support the given pop. without causing exponential death or reproduction)

Question 12

Resource Exploitation

Answer 12

When individuals interfere directly by consuming scarce resources, making those resources less available to other species

Question 13

Competitive Exclusion Principal (Gause’s Principal)

Answer 13

Complete competitors can not coexist. They MUST differ in their use of resources in some way.

Question 14

Predation

Answer 14

A biological interaction where a predator (hunter) feeds on prey (hunted)

Question 15

Morphology

Answer 15

Homologous Structures; Relation between species (humans and monkeys both have fingers)

Question 16

Vestigial Structure

Answer 16

A part of a species that serves no useful functions but is still there from evolution (Human- Appendix, Whale- Hips, Ostriches- Wings)

Question 17

Atavism

Answer 17

Trait the recurs in an organism that had it eliminated (Human born with a tail, Snake born with legs, etc.)

Question 18

Cladogram

Answer 18

Diagram that depicts evolution through the change of certain traits. (Tree thing we made in lab)

Question 19

The Genetic Species Concept

Answer 19

Populations of organisms that have a high degree of genetic similarity

Question 20

Genes

Answer 20

Found on Chromosomes; defines traits

Question 21

Alleles

Answer 21

Different forms of the same gene. Determines how a trait is expressed (we all have eye color, but will it be blue? Brown? Hazel?)

Question 22

Genotype

Answer 22

Refers to the particular alleles that an individual carries

Question 23

Phenotype

Answer 23

Refers to an individuals observable traits

Question 24

Evolution

Answer 24

A change in a allele frequencies within a population from one generation to another over time

Question 25

Micro-evolution

Answer 25

Changes in gene frequency within a population, from one generation to the next (evolution happens in a very small time scale. Still the same species though ex. Peppered mouth from dominantly white to dominantly dark after industrial revolution)

Question 26

Macro-evolution

Answer 26

The descent of new species from a common ancestor (takes a really long time)

Question 27

Natural Selection

Answer 27

A change in a population that occurs because individuals express genetic traits that alter their interactions within their environment that enhances their chances of survival

Question 28

Propagule

Answer 28

Material used for propagating an organism to the next stage of their lifecycle, often by dispersal (Seeds, eggs)

Question 29

The Area Effect

Answer 29

Larger islands contain more varied habitats, which reduces the probability of extinction due to chance events

Question 30

Darlington's Rule

Answer 30

A 10-fold increase in area results in a doubling of species number

Question 31

The Distance Effect

Answer 31

Islands that are more isolated are less likely to receive immigrants than islands that are less isolated

Question 32

Theory of Island Biogeography

Answer 32

The number of species found on an undisputed island is determined by the balance between immigration and extinction

Question 33

Foster's Rule

Answer 33

Members of a species get bigger or smaller depending on the resource available in the environment. (Due to limited resources)

Question 34

Phyletic Extinction

Answer 34

Disappearances of a species from the fossil record associated with the evolution of a new species in the same lineage.

Question 35

True Extinction

Answer 35

Disappearance of a species without any descendent species

Question 36

Extirpation Localized Extinction

Answer 36

A species ceases to exist in a particular area

Question 37

Mass Extinction

Answer 37

Temporarily discrete episodes with very high rates of species loss

Question 38

Succession

Answer 38

A directional, cumulative change of the species that live in a certain area over time

Question 39

Primary Succesion

Answer 39

The establishment of plants and plant species on land that was not previous vegetated, or newly formed

Question 40

Secondary Succesion

Answer 40

The establishment/invasion of land that has been previously vegetated

Question 41

"r" species

Answer 41

Pioneers (ex. Dandilions, Crab grass) - High Birth Rates - High Dispersion potential - Short lived (annual plants) - Poor competitors

Question 42

"K" species

Answer 42

Ex. Trees - Long lived - Tolerant - Good competitors - Perennial Plants

Question 43

"r" species Strategy

Answer 43

Early Succession = Risky Environment - Short lives - Many Offspring

Question 44

"k" species Strategy

Answer 44

Late Succession = Stable Environment - Long lives - Invest in structures - Fewer Offspring

Question 45

Autogenic Succession

Answer 45

Plants Modify their Environment

Question 46

Allogenic Succession

Answer 46

Vegetation Changes due to environmental conditions and Environmental change

Question 47

Disturbance

Answer 47

An event that disrupts the ecosystem , community, or population structure and changes the physical environment

Question 48

Surface Fires

Answer 48

Lower intensity fires that consume understory, spread along the forest floor

Question 49

Crown Fires

Answer 49

Intense fires that often stand replacing, spread through the tree tops