Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Final Exam > BIO-H > Flashcards

BIO-H Flashcards

(119 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> light energy –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

C3 plants

A

A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

Photosynthesis only occurs when the stomata are open.
RuBisCo catalyzes carbon fixation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

C4 plants

A

A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.

Photosynthesis occur in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

A

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.

occurs in the stroma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

A

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.

occurs in the stroma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Light Dependent Reaction

A

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

occurs in thylakoids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CAM plants (crassulacean acid metabolism)

A

a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Calvin Cycle Steps

A

Carbon Fixation- inorganic molecule to organic molecule.

Reduction- gain of electron.

Regeneration- RuPB is regenerated to prepare for more CO2 to be fixed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reactants of Calvin cycle

A

CO2, ATP, NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

the process of breaking down food with the release of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reactants of cellular respiration

A

glucose and O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Products of cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 types of cellular respiration

A

2 types of cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glycolysis

A

First step in breaking down glucose which produces 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glycolysis Reactant

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fermentation

A

an anerobic pathway that uses the pyruvate to breakdown glucose to make NAD+/ Lactic Acid which will be recycled back to Glycolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

The conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

A

anaerobic process in which cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol; carried out by many bacteria and fungi such as yeasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transition Reaction

A

conversion of pyruvates to 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 Co2, and 2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

main phase in breaking down the glucose which occurs in the mitochondria and it produces energies like: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

electron trasport chain

A

a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons to make ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ETC reactants and products
6 NADH, 2 FADH2 | 32 ATP
26
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
main energy source that cells use for most of their work.
27
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
plays a role in chemical process that generates energy.
28
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
FAD is oxidized from NADH and the energy is used to generate ATP.
29
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes into two daughter cells.
30
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
31
Prophase
Longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible.
32
Prometaphase
The nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. Chromosomes start to align at this stage.
33
Metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. centrosomes are at the opposite poles of the cell.
34
Anaphase
Chromosomes are segregated to different parts of the cell to serve as a complete genome for the next cell cycle.
35
Telophase
Separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into 2 identical daughter cells.
36
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.
37
Diploid (2n= 46 chromosomes)
two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. | homologous chromosomes- same shape, size, color, trait but vary in allele
38
Haploid (n= 23 chromosomes)
having a single set of chromosomes. | non-homologous chromosomes- do not belong to the same pair.
39
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
40
Chromatid
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome in preparation for cell division.
41
Centromere
Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached.
42
independent assortment
the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes.
43
crossing over
the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
44
genetic variation
Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments.
45
Why do cells don't grow indefinitely?
The cell membrane must transport the food and oxygen to the parts inside of the cell.
46
Cell Cycle
series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells.
47
Phase of cell cycle
G1 Phase- Growth, repair, old, too big, S Phase- DNA synthesis G2- Growth and Preparation for mitosis M- Mitosis (cell division)
48
tumor suppressor genes
genes that make proteins that regulate the growth of cells, and they play an important role in preventing the development of cancer cells.
49
Proto-oncogenes
code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division.
50
Oncogenes
cancer causing genes.
51
DNA (deozyribonucleic acid)
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. Double Helix Structure.
52
Building blocks of DNA
Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine (base pairs)
53
DNA is made up of
nucleotide (deoxyribose, phosphate, and a base)
54
Antiparellel
The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. One strand goes 3' to 5' the other goes 5' to 3
55
sugar-phosphate backbone
The alternating chain of 5-carbon deoxyribose and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached. These sugars are liked together by a phosphodiester bond.
56
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins. Single strand structure.
57
RNA is made up of
Nucleotides (Ribose, Phosphate, and a Base)
58
Building blocks of RNA (base pairs)
Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine
59
mRNA (messenger RNA)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.
60
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
located in the cytoplasm of a cell where ribosomes are found. it directs the translation of mRNA into proteins.
61
tRNA (transfer RNA)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
62
restriction enzymes
Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
63
sticky ends
combine with another type of DNA.
64
blunt ends
Restriction fragments with no overlapping ends and that never combine with another type of DNA
65
Replication
producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. occurs in S-Phase.
66
Major steps in replication
1. Helicase: unwinds DNA at origins of replication 2. Initiation proteins separate 2 strands, forms replication bubble 3. Primase puts down RNA primer to start replication 4. DNA Polymerase III adds complimentary bases to leading strand (new DNA is made 5' to 3') 5. Lagging strand grows in 3' - 5' direction by the addition of Okazaki fragments 6. DNA polymerase I replaces RNA primers with DNA 7. DNA ligase seals fragments together
67
How do enzymes work in replication?
They need phosphate.
68
semi-conservative
in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new.
69
Polymerase
an enzyme that is only capable of the genetic information stored in the nucleic acid.
70
RNA Primase
An enzyme that creates an RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication.
71
RNA Primer
short segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication.
72
DNA Ligase
an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments.
73
Topoisomerases
Enzymes that relieve twists and kinks in a DNA molecule by breaking and rejoining the strands.
74
Helicase
enzymes that breaks nucleic acid.
75
Lagging strands w/Okazaki Fragment
single DNA strand is replicated in the 5'-3' direction.
76
Leading strand
single DNA strand is replicated in the 3'-5' direction
77
Transcription
process of making DNA to mRNA which carries the information needed for protein synthesis.
78
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced.
79
Codon
sequence of three nucleotides which form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA.
80
Anticodon
A triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome.
81
Ribosome
site of protein synthesis
82
DNA "Cookbook"
46 chromosomes 23,000 genes 100,000 proteins 20 amino acids *proteins are made up of amino acids.
83
CHNOPS
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur are biomolecules that are necessary for life.
84
Point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been added, deleted, or changed.
85
silent mutation
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
86
frameshift mutation
inserting or deleting nucleotides that disrupt the reading frame of a DNA sequence
87
Nonsense mutation
change in DNA that cause a protein to end its translation earlier than expected.
88
Heredity
Passing of traits from parents to offspring generation to generation.
89
Genetics
study of heredity
90
gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
91
trait
a particular characteristic, quality or tendency.
92
Allele
one of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristic.
93
Dominant Trait
Stronger version of a pair of alleles that will appear in the offspring.
94
Recessive Trait
Weaker version of a pair of alleles that will only appear if there are two copies in the genome.
95
Homozygous
two identical alleles for a trait
96
Heterozygous
having two different alleles for a trait
97
genotype
genetic information
98
Phenotype
observable physical characteristics of an organism
99
codominance
situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
100
Punnett Square
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
101
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
102
gene pool
Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
103
P1 generation
Parental generation; each parent was pure for a given trait.
104
F1 generation
offspring of the P1 generation
105
F2 generation
Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
106
incomplete dominance
neither allele is dominant
107
monhybrid cross
cross between two parents with only one different trait.
108
dihybrid cross
cross between two parents with two traits.
109
trihybrid cross
cross between two parents with three traits.
110
sex-linked traits
Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes.
111
carrier
an individual who carries and can pass on to its offspring.
112
crossing over
the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.
113
law of segreagation
homologous alleles (chromosomes) separate so that each gamete has one copy of each gene which is selected randomly.
114
law of independent assortment
Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random.
115
molecular genetics
the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes.
116
probability
likelihood that a particular event will occur
117
test cross
A way to explore the genotype of an organism
118
genotypic ratio
the number of times a genotype that appears in offspring
119
Phenotypic ratio
the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross

Biology Final Exam (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions