Bio I Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What are the properties of life?
A
growth (increase in no. of cells or size)
development (maturation)
reproduction (asexual and sexual)
homeostasis (internal balance)
metabolism (catabolic v. anabolic)
irritability
adaptation
order
2
Q
What are the levels of organization of life?
A
biosphere
biome
ecosystem (biotic + abiotic)
community (interaction betw. 2 or more population)
population (same species)
organism
organs
tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous)
cells (prokaryotic, eukaryotic - plant or animal)
molecules (C, P, L, NA)
atoms (CHON)
3
Q
What are the different monosaccharides?
A
glucose, galactose, fructose
4
Q
How do you make the different disaccharides?
A
glucose + glucose = maltose
galactose + glucose = lactose
fructose + glucose = sucrose
5
Q
What are the different polysaccharides and their functions
A
glycogen and starch (storage)
chitin and cellulose (structural)
6
Q
triglycerides
A
fatty acids + glycerol
7
Q
What are the functions of amino acids?
A
contraction
transport
hormones
enzymes/catalyst
recognition
attachment
8
Q
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
A
nucleotides (nitrogenous base, phosphate backbone and sugar)
9
Q
What are the nitrogenous bases?
A
purine (A and G)
pyrimidine (T and C)
10
Q
What are the differences of DNA and RNA?
A
helix (double - single)
sugar (deoxyribose - ribose)
function (storage of genetic info - protein translation)
11
Q
What links monosaccharides together?
A
glycosidic bonds
12
Q
What links fatty acids to glycerol?
A
ester
13
Q
What links amino acids?
A
peptide bonds
14
Q
What links nucleotides together?
A
phosphodiester bonds
15
Q
What links sugar to N-base?
A
N-glycosidic bond
16
Q
What link adenine to thymine or guanine to cytosine?
A
hydrogen bonds
2 for A-T
3 for G-C
17
Q
What is the cell theory?
A
- basic unit of life
- LO composed of one or more cells
- arise from pre-existing cells (biogenesis)
18
Q
What do prokaryotic cells lack?
A
true nucleus and membrane bound organelles like mitochondria (also unicellular)
19
Q
What is the cell wall usually made of?
A
peptidoglycan
21
Q
Mitochondria
A
site of ATP synthesis and most of aerobic respiration
21
Q
Lysosome
A
intracellular digestion (degrade molecules)
22
Q
Peroxisome
A
convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen and neutralize toxicity
23
Q
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
protein synthesis
24
Q
SER
A
lipid synthesis
25
Nucleus
ribosome subunit assembly and contains chromosomes
26
Centrosome
active during cell division where spindle fibers arise
27
Plasma membrane
semi-permeable
28
What does the Fluid Mosaic Model?
phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
29
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
30
Central vacuole
storage
31
What do plant cells lack?
lysosomes and centrosomes
32
Taxonomic classification
Domain
Kingdom
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
33
How do you write scientific names?
genus + specific epithet
34
Domains
bacteria, archaea, eukaryota
35
Kingdoms
monera (eubacteria and archaebacteria), protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
36
Passive transport
w/o ATP and from high to low concentration to achieve equilibrium (ex. diffusion or osmosis)
37
Active transport
w/ ATP and from low to high concentration to increase gradient (ex. sodium potassium pump)
38
Osmosis: Hypotonic solution (animals)
lower solute levels lead to bursting and lysed
39
Osmosis: Isotonic solution (animals)
equal solute levels so normal and no net movement
40
Osmosis: Hypertonic solution (animals)
higher solute levels lead to shriveled or crenate
41
Osmosis: Hypotonic solution (plants)
lower solute levels lead to turgid (normal)
42
Osmosis: Isotonic solution (plants)
equal solute levels but flaccid
43
Osmosis: Hypertonic solution (plants)
higher solute levels lead to shriveled or plasmolyzed
44
Explain oxygen independent cellular respiration
glycolysis in the cytoplasm wherein glucose is broken down into pyruvate or pyruvic acid that will go to the cytoplasm and undergo fermentation (lactic acid in animals and alcoholic in plants)
45
Explain oxygen dependent cellular respiration
pyruvate will go into mitochondria and become Acetyl CoA and undergo Krebs Cycle in the matrix and then ETC in the inner membrane
46
Explain light dependent photosynthesis
in the thylakoid, water will separate releasing H+, electrons [which will generate NADPH and ATP] and oxygen
47
Explain light independent photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction)
in the stroma, NADPH and ATP will be used to convert CO2 into glucose and it will go back to NADP+ and ADP and inorganic phosphate
48
Two stratums of epidermis
Basale - deepest
Corneum - superficial
49
What are the 7 skin receptors?
1. Free nerve endings (Pain, heat, cold)
2. Merkel Pisk (Touch)
3. Krause End Bulbs (Touch)
4. Root Hair Plexus (Touch)
5. Meissner Corpuscles (Touch)
6. Pacinian Corpuscles
7. Ruffini Endings (Pressure)
50
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Excites the body; activates flight or fight response
51
What is the epidermis?
Superficial layer of the skin; stratified squamous epithelium
52
What are the 4 body cavities?
Ventral: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Dorsal
53
What are erythrocytes?
RBCs - delivery of O2, CO2, gases, waste, nutrients
54
What are the stages of aerobic respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. ETC
55
What is the flow of the circulatory system?
1. IVC, SVC (vena cava)
2. Right atrium
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary artery
5. Pulmonary vein
6. Left atrium
7. Left ventricle
8. Aorta
56
What is the difference of the Bartholin Gland from the Cowper’s Gland?
BG: vagina, acidic lubrication
CG: pre-ejaculatory fluid (males), alkali mucus
57
What is the functional unit of the excretory system?
Nephrons
58
What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
Cell wall
Water vacuole
Chloroplast
59
What are thrombocytes for?
Platelets - blood clotting
60
What is plasma?
Liquid portion of blood
61
What are the four major biomolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
62
What is the genome?
Entirety of an organism’s hereditary information
63
What are the stop codons?
UAA
UAG
UGA
64
What is the composition of bones?
Calcium hydroxyapatite - crystals and collagen
65
What are the 4 connective tissues?
Cartilage: joint-joint
Ligament: bone-bone
Joint: bone-bone
Tendon: bone-muscle
66
Describe the cardiac muscle
Heart
Striated, 1-2 nuclei
Branching shape
Myogenic - involuntary
67
Describe smooth muscles
Internal organs
Non-striated, 1 nucleus
Fusiform/spindle-shaped
Involuntary contractions
68
What are the three layers of skin?
Epidermis
Dermis (nerves, arteries, veins)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)
69
Where is the sperm produced?
Testes
70
What are the parts of the male reproductive system?
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Seminal vesice
Penis
71
What are the parts of the vagina?
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris - equivalent to penis
Urethra
Urethral opening
Vagina
Anus
72
What is the Bowman’s capsule for?
Filtration of blood
73
What do leukocytes do?
WBCs - in charge of defense and immunity
74
What does the nucleus do?
Contains cell’s genetic information in chromosomes
75
What are the five kingdoms?
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
76
What are the 2 parts of the skeletal system?
Axial - cranium, sternum, spinal column
Appendicular - shoulder and pelvic girdle, limbs
77
What are the glands in the skin?
Sebaceous - oils, pheromones
Sweat - sweat, water
78
What happens to apical meristem?
Growth in height and length
79
What happens in lateral meristem?
Growth in width or girth
80
Describe the thyroid gland
Neck
Produces thyroxine - growth and metabolism
81
What is the stamen
Male part of the plant
Polle contains the sperm cells
82
What is the carpel (pistil)?
Female part of the plant
Stigma is sticky; pollen enters
Ovary is where the egg cells are produced
83
What are the two types of blood circulation?
Systemic - heart to body; nutrients
Pulmonary - to and from lungs; for oxygenation
84
Atracheophytes (non-vascular)
Lack true roots, stems, leaves
85
What are the different blood vessels?
Artery - aorta, arterioles
Vein - vena cava, venules
Capillaries - small area; gas exchange
86
What is the phloem?
Live cells
Carry food from leaves
87
What is the taxonomic hierarchy?
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
88
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of a relatively stable condition within the internal environment
89
Where does the egg cell (ovum) mature?
Ovaries
90
What are adrenal glands?
produces adrenaline - fight/flight
Above kidney
91
What happens in diffusion?
Materials flow from high concentration to low concentration
92
What is the xylem?
Dead cells (X)
Carry water and dissolve nutrients
93
What are the female reproductive parts?
Ovary
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
94
What happens in the uterus?
Egg implants to walls for pregnancy or menstruation
95
What is the site of fertilization?
Fallopian tube
96
What are the products and reactants of aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen = CO2, H2O, ATP
97
What are the components of blood?
WBCs
Platelets
RBCs
Plasma
98
What are the types of granulocytes (WBCS)?
Neutrophils - primary responder
Eosinophils - parasites and fungi
Basophils - allergies and disease
99
What are the types of agranulocytes (WBCS)?
Monocytes - macrophages to clear debris
Lymphocytes
- B-cells: antibodies for humoral response
- T-cells: cell-mediated
100
Describe the pineal gland
Near the center of the brain
Produces melatonin
101
What is part of the digestive tract?
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
102
Describe skeletal muscles
Muscles attached to bones
Striated, multi nuclei
Long fiber
Voluntary
103
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Rest and digest
104
Where are sperm cells produced?
Seminiferous tubules in testes
105
What does the hypothalamus do?
controls:
hunger
thirst
body temperature
parental attachment
and it is located above the brain stem
106
What are two types of immunity?
innate and adaptive
107
What happens in the collecting duct?
urine collection, water reabsorption, vasopressin takes place
108
What is vasopressin?
anti-diuretic hormone that plays a role in control of the body's osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning
109
What does the seminal vesicle do?
produces liquid of semen
110
What does the prostate gland do?
creates the ejaculatory motion
111
Digestive Process 1: Mouth
Mastication of food (initial digestion of carbohydrates)
Bolus formation
112
Digestive Process 2: Esophagus
Food travels down
Lower esophageal sphincter prevents food from going back up
113
Digestive Process 3: Stomach
High surface area for storage
Initial protein digestion
Chief cells produce pepsinogen
HCl secreted after proteins are denatured = activation of PEPSINOGEN
Chyme: bolus + gastric juice
114
Digestive Process 4: Small Intestine
High surface area for absorption
Duodenum: secretions from liver, GB, and pancreas are emptied
-lipid digestion
Jejunum, ileum: absorption of nutrients
115
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli in lungs
116
What is the function of the appendix?
Stores microorganism for digestion
117
What is the function of the pancreas?
produces pancreatic juice to digest sugars, fats, and starch
118
What is the respiratory process?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Lungs
119
3 mechanisms in respiratory system
Inhalation (active)
Gas exchange
Exhalation
120
Digestive Process 5: Large intestine
H20 reabsorption
- longer stay of food = more H20 absorbed = solid poop
121
What is the function of the salivary gland?
Produces saliva for lubrication
122
What is the function of the liver?
Produces bile
123
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Stores bile to emulsify fats and releases it into the small intestine
124
What is the main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients?
Small intestine
125
Lipids
provide insulation and it is the main components of hormones and vitamins
126
What does the proximal tubule do?
maximum reabsorption (H20, Na, K, Cl; glucose, amino acids, bicarbonates)
