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MCAT Biochemistry > Bio info Amino Acids and Proteins and Psych material > Flashcards

Bio info Amino Acids and Proteins and Psych material Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

hydrolase

A

hydrolyzes chemical bonds (ATPases, proteases and others)

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2
Q

Isomerase

A

rearranges bonds within a molecule to form an isomer

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3
Q

ligase

A

forms a chemical bond (DNA ligase)

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4
Q

Lyase

A

Breaks chemical bonds by means other than oxidation or hydrolysis (pyruvate decarboxylation)

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5
Q

Kinase

A

transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from a higher energy carrier, such as ATP

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6
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

runs redox reactions (includes oxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases, and others)

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7
Q

polymerase

A

polymerization (addition of nucleotides to the leading strand of DNA by DNA pol III)

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8
Q

Phosphatase

A

removes phosphate groups from a molecule (tastes the phosphate group)

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9
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from inorganic phosphate

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10
Q

Protease

A

hydrolyzes peptide bonds (trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin)

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11
Q

where does beta-oxidation occur

A

the mito matrix

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12
Q

initiation of translation in the eukaryotes

A

loaded met-tRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit
mRNA then binds to small subunit
small subunit scans until mRNA initiator codon is found
at that point the met-tRNA associates with the mRNA in the P site
Final step is binding of large ribosomal subunit
** most energy costly step is met-tRNA met binds to the small ribosomal subunit (2 ATP)

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13
Q

what binds to single stranded RNA in DNA replication

A

RNA pol

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14
Q

what do transposons do to protein levels

A

they insert into the DNA coding region and likely disrupt it resulting in a decrease in protein levels

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15
Q

glial cells

A

are a non-neuronal cell that typically provide structural and metabolic support to neurons. Glial maintain a resting membrane potential but do not generate action potentials

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16
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin in the PNS and increase speed of conduction

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin in the CNS and increase speed of action potentials

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18
Q

Astrocytes

A

type of glial cell in the CNS that guides neuronal development, regulates synaptic communication via regulation of neurotransmitter levels

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19
Q

Microglia

A

type of glial cell in the CNS that removes dead cells and debris

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20
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Type of glial cell in the CNS that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

hindbrain

A

contains medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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22
Q

medulla

A

is where vital autonomic functions are regulated such as blood pressure and digestive functions

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23
Q

pons

A

the pons have some function in relaying messages but primarily function in balance and antigravity posture

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24
Q

cerebellum

A

the cerebellum coordinates smooth movements and with damage results in poor hand eye coordination and balance

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25
the midbrain
is a relay for visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) which is responsible in arousal and wakefulness
26
brainstem
together the medulla, pons and midbrain constitute the brainstem
27
the forebrain contains the
diencephalon and telencephalon
28
Diencephalon
contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus.
29
Thalamus
is a relay station for sensory information
30
Hypothalamus
interacts directly with many parts of the brain. It contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions and has a major role in hormone production and release
31
Corpus callosum
the thick bundle of axons that connects the cerebral hemispheres
32
Frontal lobe
initiate all voluntary movement and are involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving
33
parietal lobes
are involved in general sensation and in gustation (taste)
34
temporal lobes
process auditory and olfactory sensation and are involved in short-term memory language comprehension and emotion
35
basal nuclei
broadly function in voluntary motor function and procedural learning related to habits
36
basal nuclei and cerebellum
work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex the basal nuclei are inhibitory and the cerebellum is excitatory
37
limbic system
includes the amygdala, and cingulate gyrus, and the hippocampus. is important in emotion and memory
38
the vagus nerve is responsible for
the heart rate decreasing and the GI tract increasing activity (parasympathetic)
39
Somatic PNS anatomy
all somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle cells
40
pitch
frequency of the sound can be detected by which region of the basilar membrane vibrate. High pitch stimulate cells at the base of the cochlea. While low pitch furthest away from the oval window
41
Loudness of sound
is distinguished by the amplitude of the vibration. Larger vibrations cause more frequent action potentials
42
semicircular canal
consists of the utricle, saccule, and the ampullae. tubes filled with endolymph that detect rotational acceleration
43
for color to be detected it goes in what pathway
two layers of neurons then to rods and cones and bipolar cells then to ganglion cells that compromise the optic nerve
44
macula of the eye
is the fovea centralis which contains many cones and is responsible for extreme visual acuity
45
photoreceptors rods and cones how they detect different colors and become stimulated
protein retinal has several trans double bonds and cis double bonds and this keeps a sodium channel open. The cells remain depolarized. Upon absorbing a photon of light it is converted to all trans form. This closes the sodium channels and becomes hyperpolarized
46
Both rods and cones release neurotransmitter
glutamate onto bipolar cells inhibiting them from firing
47
special cones that absorb light
blue, green, red
48
myopia can be corrected by
concave lens
49
hyperopia can be corrected by
convex lens which causes light rays to converge before reaching the cornea
50
method of loci
associating the location of something to be able to remember it
51
layers of the brain
periosteum, skull, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
52
hypothalamus regulates
arousal, hunger, and thirst
53
cerebral cortex
is associated with planning and was last to develop in brain evolutionary progress
54
moro reflex
is an extension and retraction of arms followed by crying in response to sudden head movements
55
basophils
store and release histamine allergic rxns
56
neutrophils
phagoctyose bacteria resulting in pus amoeboid motility and chemotaxis
57
eosinophil
destroy parasites allergic reactions
58
macrophages
phagocytose debris and microorganisms: amoeboid motility; chemotaxis
59
B cells
mature into plasma cells and produce antibodies
60
T cells
kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and reject tissue grafts; also control immune response
61
Blood clotting system
fibrin is the threadlike protein that holds platelets together. Fibrinogen gets converted into fibrin by thrombin
62
A thrombus
is a scab circulating the bloodstream
63
Defects in the blood clotting proteins results in
hemophilia
64
the light chains and heavy chains of antibodies are joined by
disulfide bonds
65
The immunoglobulins are separated into
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and these are due to having the same constant regions
66
IgM
blood and B cell surface. Involved in initial immune response and pentameric structure in blood, monomeric structure on B cell as antigen receptor
67
IgG
blood. Involved in ongoing immune response majority of antibody in the blood is IgG. Can also cross placental barriers
68
IgD
B cell surface. Serves with IgM as antigen receptor on B cells
69
IgA
secretions. saliva mucus, tears, breast milk etc. Secreted in breast milk. helps protect newborns. dimeric structure
70
IgE
Blood. involved in allergic reactions
71
The small site that an antibody recognizes within a large molecule is called an
epitope
72
When an immature B cell binds an antigen it is stimulated to produce
plasma cells and memory cells
73
The cells of our body all contain
MHC on their surface and T cells recognize it
74
What does MHC I for T cells
pick up peptides from inside of the cell and display them on the cell surface
75
What cells possess MHC class II
Antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and B cells). Their role is to phagocytosize particles or cells, chop them up and display fragments using the MHC II display system After T cell recognizes it, this will stimulate B cell to mature. T helper cells are only activated by MHC class II
76
in smooth muscle there isn't troponin-tropomysoin there is
calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase. calmodulin binds Ca2+ and then activates MLCK and MLCK phosphorylates a portion of the myosin molecule and activates its enzymatic/ mechanical activity
77
with signal recognition signals it attaches to the
N-terminus of the chain
78
HIV retrovirus is a
+ RNA dependent virus meaning that it can use the cell machinery to replicate
79
what does compressibility do to how fast a sound wave travels
the less compressible the faster
80
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
81
Water soluble
B &C
82
sperm formation stages
spermatagonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoan
83
spermatagonium job
mitotically reproduce prior to meiosis | replicate DNA in S phase of meiosis
84
primary spermatocyte job
Meiosis I
85
Secondary spermatocyte job
Meiosis II
86
spermatid job
turn into spermatozoan
87
spermatozoan job
finish maturing in seminiferous tubule and in epididymis
88
helper T cells bind to
MHC class II
89
Killer T cells bind to
MHC Class I
90
Left atrium and left ventricle separated by
bicuspid valve
91
Right atrium and right ventricle separated by
Tricuspid valve
92
the structure of striated muscle tissues goes from
fascicles, myofibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres
93
H zone and I band
change size during muscle cell contraction h zone (myosin) I band (actin)
94
what ion regulates the contraction of muscle cells
the calcium ion concentration because calcium binds to troponin
95
what do smooth muscles cells use instead of troponin
calmodulin
96
metabolic acidosis
will decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and increase oxygen delivery to tissues
97
semen contains
mucus secreted from the bulbourethral gland for lubrication, alkaline secretions from the prostate gland and bulbourethral gland to neutralize acidic environments, nutrients (primarily fructose) from the seminal vesicles
98
what is selectively reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule
water, ions, glucose, and amino acids
99
In muscle cell contraction ATP hydrolysis occurs in
reseting the myosin head into the cocked position
100
X-inactivation leads to
a Barr body in which half of the population has one x activated and the other half as the other x activated

MCAT Biochemistry (1 decks)

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