3 things that must occur for Natural Selection
- Individual variation: trait must vary between individual
- Variation from the first individual results in some individuals being better able to survive and reproduce
- Trait variations are inherited: favorable traits are passed to offspring, making them better able to survive
3 types of natural selection
stabilizing: the average is selected
directional: one extreme is selected
disruptive: both extremes are selected
Define independent variable
independent variable: the variable that can be manipulated by scientist; horizontal/x axis
Define Dependent variable
Dependent variable: the measured outcome; vertical/ y axis
Define Key
Key: identifies the diff. symbols on a graph
Define Legend
Legend: descriptive caption about a graph
Define Adaptations
Adaptations: traits that evolve by natural selection to answer specific problems
Define Species diversity
Species diversity: results from separate populations by one species taking diff. evolutionary paths
Define Evolutionary change
evolutionary change: change in the frequency of genetics traits in a POPULATION of a species
Do species undergo evolutionary change?
No, species don’t; the POPULATION of a species do
Define ingroup
the group of species on a phylogeny tree that is being studied
Define outgroup
The ancestors very closely related to the ingroup, but not part of it
Define ancestral trait
one inherited trait from ancestor that’s unchanged
Define derived trait
trait that is changed from the ancestor
Define convergent evolution
Same trait evolves more than once, independently
Define reversal
trait undergoes change from derived back to ancestral
Define shared ancestral trait
ancestral traits in some in outgroup and some of ingroup
Define shared derived trait
derived traits in more than one ingroup but none in outgroup.
What are shared derived traits useful for?
hypothesizing phylogentic relationships
How to find the fields of view with constants
If given field of view at a specific magnification,
C= (field of view) x (magnification)
Next find the field of view at another magnification:
Field of view= C divided by magnification
What’s flagellum?
long, flexible, hair-like structures that promotes swimming
What’s cillia?
multiple short, flagellum
What’s Psuedopodia?
Long flexible extensions of cytoplasm that help with movement
What’s the difference between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane?
- Cell wall gives organisms a fixed shape
- Cell membrane allows organism to be more flexible
What phylum are Sponges?
Phylum: Proifera
What components make up the phylum Proifera (Sponges)?
No classes
Choanocytes: special cells that filter food from water
Spicules: skeletal structures made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), silcon dioxide, and proteins. (they’re the spiky looking things)
Body Cavity: None; Acelomates
Symmetry: Radial
Tissue Layers: None
Body Segmentation
Cephalization: none
Digestive System: none (filter feeders)
Skeleton: endoskeleton
*Spicules are either monoaxon(needle shaped) or triaxon (has 3 rays)
What components make up the phylum Cnidaria(jellyfish, sea anemone, coral)?
Body Forms: polyp (elongated) or medusa (umbrella-like)
Cnidocytes: stinging cells clustered on tentacles to catch food
Planula larve: free swimming and ciliated (covered in tiny hairs), made from fertilized eggs
Body Cavity: None; Acelomates
Symmetry: Radial
Tissue Layers: 2 (endoderm, ectoderm)
Body Segmentation: absent
Cephalization: none or indistinct
Digestive System: cavity
Skeleton: Hydrostatic (uses water to move around)
Identify parts of the Cnidaria scyphozoa (jellyfish)
This is seen in a top view…
Middle of Scypozoa: Gonads, Gastric Tract, Mouth, Oral Arms(large)
Outer region parts: Radial Canals, Tentacles (small and hair like), Ring Canal
Identify the Cnidaria Hydroza
The Cnidaria Hydroza has a genus named Obelia.
The Obelia has Feeding Polyps(has tentacles on them) and a Reproductive Polyp (fat, sausage looking thing with red stuff in it)
What species are in the Cnidaria Anthozoa ?
sea anemone and coral
Identify components of the phylum Platyhelminths (flatworms)
Body Cavity: None: Acelomates
Symmetry: bilateral
Tissue Layers: 3 (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Body segmentation: absent
Cephalization: distinct (They have a head!!)
Digestive system: none or cavity (wut?)
Skeleton: hydrostatic
Identify components of the Phylum Annelida (earthworms and marine worms)
Coelom condition: present
Symmetry: bilateral
Tissue layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto)
Body Segmentation: present
Cephalization: indistinct (earthworm) or distinct (marine worm)
Digestive system: complete (they’re coelomates!!)
Skeleton: Hydrostatic
Identify the Annelida Oligochaeta
This is the earthworm. It has a clitellum (specialized reproductive segment that’s about 1/3 of the way away from the head). They also have short bristles on each body segment
Identify the Annelida Polychaeta
- Has 4 eyespots
- Has a prostomium (the 1st segment) and a perisotomium (the 2nd segment)
- Has cirri (tentacle-like things on peristomium)
- Has parapodia (little feet)
Identify the phylum Mollusca: snails, clams, and squids.
True coelom Symmetry: bilateral Tissue Layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto) Body segmentation: reduced or absent Cephalization: indistinct(bivalves): more distinct(cephalopods) Digestive system complete Skeleton: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 3 MAJOR STRUCTURES: FOOT, MANTLE, VISCERAL MASS
Identify the parts of the Mollusca Bivalva
These are clams, fresh water mussels, and oysters
As for the mussel, there are some things to know about its anatomy.
External features: Hinge, Umbo, and Growth Lines
Internal anatomy: Mantle, Foot, Visceral mass, Labial palps, Gills, Posterior Adductor Muscle
*Again the most important thing to know is the location of the foot, Visceral mass, and the Mantle
Identify the Mollusca Cephalopoda (squid, octopus)
Mantle, Fins, Water Jet, Arms, Tentacles, Suckers
Identify the Mollusca Gastropoda (snail, slug)
Know that their shells are either Sinistral (opens left) or Dextral (opens right)
Identify the Phylum Nemotoda (roundworms)
Body Cavity: Psudocoelomates Symmetry: Bilateral Tissue Layer: 3 Body Segmentation: absent Cephalization: indistinct Digestive system: complete Skeleton: external cuticle
What’s the difference between a male Nematoda Ascaris and a female one
the female nematode is much larger and the male is smaller with a hooked tail
Identify the Phylum Arthropoda (crayfish, spiders, insects)
True Coelom Symmetry: Bilateral Tissue Layers: 3 (endo, meso, ecto) Body Segmentation: present Cephalization: distinct Digestive System: complete Skeleton: exoskeleton Body cavity sometimes called hemocoel: no capillaries and the entire cavity and interanl organs are bathed in blood (open circulatory system)
Identify parts of the Arthropoda Crustacea
have an abdomen (which house the telson, uropod, pleopods( swimmers),
have an Cephalothorax (which has the carapace, periopods 2-5, and the rostrum)
Have compound eyes; a 1st Periopod (pincer) and a 2nd Periopod; and a 1st and 2nd Antenna
How to tell the difference between a male and female crayfish?
If the pleopods(swimmers) are the same size, then it’s a female.
If some are bigger than the others, then it’s a male.
Identify the Arthropoda Arachnida (spiders).
chelicerae: “fangs”
pedipalps: leg-like appendages near mouth
no compound eyes (can move around), but has 6 to 8 simple eyes (stationary/ fixed position)
Identify Arthropoda Insceta
Body segments: head, thorax, abdomen
Only head and thorax have appendages
Identify the Phylem Echinodermata (sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers).
True coelom
Symmetry: radial
Tissue Layers: 3 (you know the drill)
Body segment: mostly/ absent
Cephalization: none
Digestive system: complete
Skeleton: hydrostatic (water vascular system); Endo and Exoskeleton(CaCo3 plates act as both)
Deuterostome developmental pattern (blastopore becomes anus)
Water Vasular System: movement, support, hydrostatic pressure, respiratory system, waste elimination (waste enters through medreporite, muscular bulbs provide pressure that moves the tube feet)
Aquarium Specimen Guide 2016
Pencil Urchin
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Starburst polyp coral
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Brittle star
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Ophiuroidea
Kenya tree coral
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Emerald crab (but not green)
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Apistasia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Turban snail
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Sea cumber
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Holothuroidea
Barnacles
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea
Stomatella
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Clam
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Mushroom coral
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa