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Bio Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does meiosis occur in animals

A

Occurs in in germinal tissue

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2
Q

Where does meiosis occur in plants

A

Spore-forming tissue

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3
Q

Gametes are…

A

Haploid- one half the chromosome number is most of the cells in the organism (n)

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4
Q

Somatic cells are…

A

Diploid-full complement of chromosomes (2n)

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5
Q

Zygotes are…

A

A union of gametes and are diploid

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have

A

46, 2 pairs of 23

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7
Q

Dyad

A

Replicated chromosome

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8
Q

Monad

A

Unreplicated chromosome

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9
Q

Autosomes

A

22 chromosomes

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10
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

1 XX or XY

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11
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes (1 paternal and 1 maternal) that have the same gene loci
Held together by a centromere
Tetrad

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

Condensed chromosomes
Histone proteins

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13
Q

Prophase 1

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes
1 maternal and 1 paternal pair up and from tetrads
Pairs of homologous chromosomes intertwine (synapsis)
Crossing over occurs as chromatids from homologous pairs of chromosomes swap genetic info that occurs at the chiasma

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14
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Tetrads align in the center of the cell and a spindle fiber attaches at the centromeres

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15
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Duplicated chromosomes aka dryads begin to migrate to the opposite ends of the cells
Reduction occurs each pole receives half number of chromosomes
Random assortment=genetic variation

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16
Q

Telophase 1

A

Pairs of daughter chromatids move to separate cells

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17
Q

Meiosis 2

A

No clear interphase between the first and second neurotic divisions
No additional chromosome duplication

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18
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Centromere divides and the 2 chromatids of each chromosome seepage and moves toward opposite poles
After separation, each chromatid becomes a chromosome

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19
Q

Telophase 2

A

Chromosomes separated into different cells

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20
Q

Mendels law of dominance

A

Some Alleles of a gene are dominant and other are recessive
One dominant allele=dominant trait
One recessive allele=recessive trait

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21
Q

Mendels law of segregation

A

Each gamete Carrie’s only one allele for each gene

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22
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure to segregate

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23
Q

Trisomy

A

Extra copy of chromosome

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24
Q

Monosomy

A

One copy of chromosome

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25
Polyploid
Extra set of chromosomes
26
Mendels law of independent assortment
Genes for different traits segregate independently
27
PpSs double heterozygous How do we find the gamete possibilities
FOIL first outer inner last
28
Karyotype
A display of the chromosomes pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
29
What are some karyotyping samples
Blood skin and tissues chorionic villi amniotic fluid
30
Metacentric
Equal arms
31
Submetacentric
Unequal arms P arm is shorter Q arm is longer
32
Acrocentric
Centromere near one end
33
Fiends stain
Shows banding patterns
34
Aleurone
Outer layer of the endosperm
35
A
Dominant red to purple color
36
a
Recessive no pigment aka yellow
37
Texture
Sweet or starchy
38
Su
Starchy smooth when dried
39
su
Higher sugar content wrinkled when dried
40
Phenotype
Individual kernels appearance
41
Genotype
Individual kernels genes
42
Homozygous
Paired alleles are identical AA or aa
43
Heterozygous
Pair of different alleles Aa
44
Monohybrid cross
Reproduction between 2 heterozygous individuals Aa They cross and ratio should be 3 to 1
45
Dihybrid cross
Reproduction involved two pairs of alleles Cords and ratio should be 9:3:3:1
46
Chi-square test
Compares observed results to the expected Mendelian results Statistical test whether the deviations are due to chance or something else
47
Degrees of freedom
Number of phenotypic classes minus 1
48
What probability do we use
0.05
49
How to do chi square
1. Get observed 2. Get expected by multiplying ratio and total 3. Take observed minus that expected value 4. Square it 5. Take that and divide it by the expected value 6. Then add all those values together
50
When do u accept or reject your chi square
Accept if number is below target probability number Reject if it’s over it
51
Wild type fruit fly
Dark red eyes, gray tannish, bristle covered body, long straight wings just below the abdomen
52
Male fruit flies
Smaller than females More abdominal pigmentation Fewer abdominal segments Sex comb-tuft or bristle on lower 1/3 of legs
53
Eye mutants of fruit flies
B-Bar se- sepia w-white
54
Wing mutants of fruit flies
vg-vestigial Cy-curly dp-dumpy
55
Body mutants of fruit flies
e-ebony y-yellow
56
ABO blood groups
A and B are codominant and dominant to O
57
Who are the universal recipients
Type AB bc they have neither anti A or anti B antibodies in their serum that would destroy transfused RBCs
58
Who are the universal donors
Type O bc their RBCs have no antigens on the cell surface that can potentially react with the recipients serum
59
What does it mean if ur blood type is positive
You have a Rh factor +
60
What does it mean if ur blood is negative
You have a Rh -
61
RH incompatibility
If blood from an Rh+ fetus sensitized an Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies will from in the blood of that woman During her next pregnancy those antibodies can cross the placenta to affect the next baby
62
What is hemolytic disease
A disease of the newborn that results when an Rh+ fetus develops in the womb of an Rh-
63
How is blooding typing for ABO status done
Done by using single drips of blood mixed with different antisera, solutions that contain antibodies Antisera with a clump indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC
64
What’s a genotype
The set of alleles of an organism There is 2 categories: 1. Homozygous vs. heterozygous 2. Dominant vs. recessive
65
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
66
Gene pool
All of the genes possessed by members of a population Each individual of a population carries 2 alleles for every gene
67
Population genetics
Allele frequencies show genetic diversity of a species population
68
Evolution
Change in the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool over time
69
What are the 4 evolutionary forces that affect the frequency of an allele in a population
Natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, migration
70
Hardy
English mathematician
71
Weinberg
German physican
72
What did hardy and Weinberg predict?
They predicted that gene pool frequencies are inherently stable but continual evolution is expected in all populations
73
Hardy and Weinberg concluded that evolution would not occur in a population of all of what following conditions were met?
Mutation is not occurring Natural selection is not occurring The population is infinitely large All members of the population breed All mating is totally random Everyone produces the same number of offspring There is no migration in or out of the population
74
Hardy-Weinberg principle
An equation used to discern the probable genotype frequencies in a population (to track changes from one generation to the next)
75
What is the only observable genotype in a population?
Recessive bc you cannot determine homozygous dominants from herterozygotes
76
What is p
Frequency of dominant allele
77
What is q
Frequency of the recessive allele
78
p2 (p squared)
Frequency of the homozygous dominant Percent of homozygous dominant individuals CC
79
2pq
Frequency of the heterozygous condition Percent of heterozygous individuals Cc
80
q2 (q squared)
Frequency of the homozygous recessive Percent of homozygous recessive individuals cc
81
In PTC tasting what is dominant and recessive
Dominant is tasting Non dominant is non-tasting

Bio Lab (2 decks)

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