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Bio Lab Exam Flashcards

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0
Q

Why stain a slide?

A

To improve contrast

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1
Q

Wicking a slide

A

Absorb liquid by capillary action

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2
Q

Where are human epithelial cells found?

A

Surface of internal cheek

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3
Q

Heredity

A

Passing of traits from generation to generation

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4
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristic

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6
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagram of transmission of a genetic trait through several generations

  • gives a clue to traits in future offspring
  • help determine odds of offspring having dangerous gene
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7
Q 
Pedigree legend:
How are the following represented?
1. Individual
2. Generation
3. Male
4. Female
5. The trait being studied
A
  1. Number
  2. Roman numeral
  3. Square
  4. Circle
  5. Shaded
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8
Q

What were the taste test papers used?

A

PTC and sodium benzoate

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9
Q

What is the equation to calculate genotype frequencies?

A

AA + Aa + aa = 1.0

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10
Q

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0

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11
Q

What represents allele frequency of the dominant allele?

A

p

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12
Q

What represents genotype frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype?

A

AA

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13
Q

What are 3 of the contradictions for the hardy Weinberg principle?

A
  1. Very large population
  2. No gene flow
  3. No mutations
  4. Random mating
  5. No natural selection
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14
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random changes in genotype a of a population

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15
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Amount a population can hold

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16
Q

Do large or small populations affect genetic drift more?

A

Small

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17
Q

Bottlenecks

A

Crashes in population size

- random selection for phenotypes

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18
Q

Micro evolution

A

Change in gene pool over many generations

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19
Q

Typical science paper includes?

A
  1. Abstract
  2. Introduction
  3. Materials and methods
  4. Results
  5. Discussion
  6. References
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20
Q

Table format:

Name 4

A
  1. Numbered
  2. Caption
  3. Units
  4. ONLY horizontal lines
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21
Q

Graph format:

Name 4

A
  1. Numbered
  2. Caption
  3. Labeled axis
  4. Large symbols
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22
Q

References format:

Name 3

A
  1. Alphabetical
  2. Only full last name and initials
  3. Journal titles - only first word capital
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23
Q

Name 2 protist super groups

A
  1. Excavata
  2. Chromalveolata
  3. Archaeplastida
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24
Derived characterstics of plants moving to land
1. Alternation of generation 2. Multicellular Dependent embryos 3. Walled spores made in sporangia 4. Multicellular gametangia 5. Apical meristems
25
Female gametangia
Archegonia
26
Male gemetangia
Antheridia
27
Haploid or diploid? - gemetophyte - zygote - Spores
- haploid - diploid - haploid
28
What produce gametes in plants?
Gametophyte
29
Gametes fuse to form what?
Zygote
30
What to zygote grow to form in plants?
Sporophyte
31
Is the process of sporophytes producing spores meiosis or mitosis?
Meiosis
32
What do spores make when they get to a new location?
Gametophyte
33
``` ______ produce spores Spores develop into ________ __________ form gametes Gametes unite forming a ________ _________ develop into ______ ```
Sporophyte, gametophyte, , gametophyte, zygote, zygote, sporophyte
34
Sporangium purpose
Protect spores until ready to be released
35
What are spores covered with? | How are they moved?
Sporopellenin | Wind
36
Where on the plant are apical meristems and what do they do?
Tips of roots and shoot. They continuously grow.
37
Bryophytes: 1. Seed or seedless? 2. Vascular or non-vascular?
Seedless, non vascular
38
Seed purpose
Protects mature plant embryo, contains food supply
39
The two types of seed plants?
Gymnosperm, angiosperm
40
Names of male and female gametophytes
Male: pollen grain Female: ovule
41
What does xylem transport?
Water and nutrients
42
What does phloem transport?
Photosynthetic products
43
What type of seed plants are flowers and fruit found?
Angiosperm
44
Where are cotyledons found?
Seeds (they are leaves on seeds)
45
Types of angiosperm
Monocot and dicot (eudicot)
46
Are there usually more stomata above leaf or under leaf? Why?
Under because less water will evaporate out and dry out leaf
47
Why do stomata open and close and what is the name of the cell that regulated this?
Open - filled with water; close - no water; guard cells
48
What are the structures in cytoplasm that help plants determine which way is up?
Statoliths
49
When is dormancy in tree growth?
Winter
50
What grow during primary growth?
Root tips
51
What grow during secondary growth?
Diameter
52
Where is secondary xylem and phloem?
Secondary xylem: inside of tree | Secondary phloem: outside
53
Is early or late wood more dense? Which has larger cells?
Early wood, early wood
54
Are animals photo or Hetero tropic?
Heterotrophic
55
What are the two groups of animals?
Parazoa (sponges) and eumetazoa (everything else)
56
3 characteristics to identify eumetazoa
1. Symmetry 2. Tissue organization 3. Body cavity 4. Openings to digestive tract 5. Circulatory system 6. Organs for respiration 7. Organs for excretion 8. Type of locomotion 9. Support system 10. Segmentation 11. Appendages 12. Type of nervous system
57
Types of symmetry
1. Radial 2. Bilateral 3. Asymmetrical
58
What are bilateral symmetrical organisms divided into?
1. Protostomes and 2. Deuterostomes
59
Types of body cavity and describe it
1. Acolomate - no body cavity 2. Pseudocoelomate - cavity is between endoderm and mesoderm 3. Eucoelomate - in mesoderm
60
Types of circulation
1. Open - blood flows through coelomic space and blood vessels 2. Closed - only through blood vessels
61
Types or respiration
1. Diffusion | 2. Special organs like gills, lungs
62
Types of excretion
1. Diffusion | 2. Special organs like canals
63
Types of support systems
1. Exoskeleton - outside 2. Endoskeleton - inside 3. No skeleton - supported by water
64
Where is the osculum, what phylum is it in?
Large opening at one end, phylum Porifera
65
In sponges, how does water enter central cavity? What is the central cavity called?
Channels and pores, spongocoel
66
How does water move up central cavity of sponges?
Flagella on collar cells which line the cavity beat in sync
67
5 Animal phylums and an example of each
1. Phylum Porifera - sponges 2. Phylum Cnidaria - hydra ex. Coral 3. Phylum Platyhelminthes - planarians ex. Flatworms Phylum Mollusca - clams 4. Phylum Annelida - earthworms ex. Leeches 5. Phylum Nematoda - roundworms
68
Two body forms of hydra
1. Umbrella-like, free swimming stage | 2. Cylindrical; often grow into colonies
69
What is unique about cnidocytes?
They contain a stinging organelle called nematocysts
70
What 4 characteristics do clams have?
1. Hard shell on outside 2. Mantle 3. Visceral mass 4. Muscular foot
71
Are nematoda parasitic
Yes
72
Why is it sometimes confusing that Nematoda are highly evolved?
They have less parts
73
What are Nematoda body walls made up of?
1. Cuticle 2. Epidermis 3. Muscle fibers
74
In nematodes, are male or female larger?
Female
75
What is a physical difference besides size that is different from male and female nematodes?
Makes have a hooked posterior end
76
What is a characteristic of arthropod exoskeletons?
They shed
77
Example of an Echinodermata
Sea star
78
What is the name for suction cups on sea stars?
Tube feet
79
Are animals in the phylum Chordata vertebrate or invertebrates?
Vertebrates
80
2 ex of Chordata
Lancelet and rats
81
Where is the major site of gas exchange in lancelets?
Body surface
82
Mammal characteristics, name 3.
Hair, skin with mammary and other glands, skull with 2 holes, movable eyelids, 4 chambered heart, warm blooded, milk
83
Body sections or rat
1. Head 2. Trunk 3. Neck - tail
84
What is a nictitating membrane? What is is found in?
A third eyelid that protects eye from debris, prey and dry air. Reptiles, birds, snakes and some mammals
85
What are vibrissae?
Sensor art hairs. Whiskers. Helps rat tell if a hole is too small
86
What are incisors?
Rats two from teeth, they grow continuously
87
How are rat bones and human bond similar?
They are both homologous
88
Regions of stomach of rat
1. Cardiac 2. Fundus 3. Main body 4. Pyloric
89
Segments of small intestine
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. ileum
90
Large intestine segments
1. Caecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum
91
What is known as the voice box?
Larynx
92
What is the flap that protects the trachea?
Epiglottis
93
The 4 lobes of the lungs
1. Anterior 2. Middle 3. Posterior 4. Post caval
94
What type or vessel did the blue dye represent? Red dye?
Pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary veins
95
Where are bronchioles located?
Through the lungs
96
4 chambers of mammal hearts
1. Right atrium 2. Left atrium 3. Right ventricle 4. Left ventricle
97
What type of blood does the right atrium receive? From where? What about the left atrium?
Deoxygenated blood from whole body. Oxygenated blood from lungs.
98
What does the right and left ventricles do?
Right - pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs | Left - pumps oxygenated blood to entire body
99
What is the largest systemic artery in the body?
Aorta
100
Two major components of the central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
101
Two major components of peripheral nervous system
Nerve pathways and sensory organs
102
What is the largest part of the rats brain?
Cerebrum
103
What are convolutions and why are they helpful?
Folds in cerebrum. Increase surface area
104
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordinates muscular activity and balance
105
What does taxonomy study?
Evolutionary, structural, and genetic similarities between life forms
106
About how many species have been identified?
1.3 million
107
What is the order of the tree of life?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
108
Name three taxa under consideration
1. Phylum Nematoda - round worm 2. Phylum Mollusca 3. Phylum Arthropoda
109
What is a dichotomous key?
Assists in classifying organisms
110
Anterior
Head
111
Appendage
Limb
112
Articulated
Jointed
113
Bilateral symmetry
Can be divided into two halves
114
Bristle
Short, stiff hair
115
Calcareous plate
Hardened calcium carbonate plate
116
Calcified
Hardened by calcium salts
117
Caudal
Hind part
118
Cephalized
Has a head
119
Cornified
Horny substance
120
Endoskeleton
Internal skeleton
121
Exoskeleton
External supportive covering
122
gill chamber
Chamber containing organs for gas exchange in aquatic animals
123
Gill slits
Opening or cleft between gill arches in vertebrates
124
Lateral
Sides
125
Marine
Sea
126
Medusa
Jelly fish
127
Notochord
Flexible dorsal support rod
128
Operculum
Bony covering of fish gills
129
Oral
Mouth
130
Oviparous
Producing eggs hat hatch outside body
131
Parasite
Benefits from living in, with or on another organism
132
Pectoral
Chest area
133
Pelvic
Pelvis area
134
Pentaradial symmetry
Circular with 5 equal parts
135
Podium
Foot
136
Polyp
Hollow cylindrical body with a mouth surrounded by tentacles
137
Posterior
Tail or anus end
138
Radial symmetrical
Circular body plan
139
Radula
Horny band of teeth often found in molluscs
140
Segmentation
Numerous similar sections
141
Sessile
Does not move
142
Spicule
Slender, pointed, hard body that supports tissue or various invertebrates
143
Spiracle
Breathing hole
144
Sucker
Organ or mouth hat animals use for sucking
145
Swim bladder
Dorsal air filled sac found in bony fish
146
Viviparous
Living young instead of eggs
147
What are the characteristics that distinguish eudicot a from monocot?
1. Cotyledons. mono-1 eudicot-2 2. Pollen. Mono - 1 pore eudi- 3 pores 3. Flower parts - m-multiples of 3 e-4 or 5 4. Leaf veins - m-parallel to length of leaf e-netlike 5. Stem vascular arrangement - m-scattered bundles e-bundles form circle 6. Root development - m-fibrous root system e-taproot system 7. Secondary growth - m-absent e-present
148
Scientific name for shedding skin
Ecdysis
149
What is the name of the pouch that separates the small intestine from the large intestine?
Cecum
150
Key differences between rat and human digestive system
1. Rat does not have a gall bladder 2. Rat has an enlarged cecum 3. Rat has a bile duct

Biology (1 decks)

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