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Celeste P > Bio Lab Final > Flashcards

Bio Lab Final Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What did caffeine do to the heart rate of Daphnia?

A

Caffeine sped up the heart rate

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2
Q

What did ethanol do to the heart rate of the Daphnia?

A

Ethanol slowed it down

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3
Q

One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment

A

Independent variable

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4
Q

A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changes in response to the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

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5
Q

range
median
mean
mode

A

difference between highest and lowest value
number in the middle
average
number that occurs the most

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6
Q

What solutions are used to test for the 4 types of organic molecules?

A

Iodine – polysaccharide (starch)

Benedict’s Reagent – Sugar

Brown Paper Bag and Vegetable Oil–Lipids

Biuret Test - protein

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7
Q

What does a positive test look like for the vegetable oil test for lipids? Negative?

A

Positive vegetable oil test: 1 layer
Negative vegetable oil test: 2 layers

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8
Q

What does a positive test look like for the Biuret test for proteins? negative?

A

Positive Biuret Test: violet color
Negative Biuret Test: pinkish

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9
Q

What does a positive test look like for the Benedict’s Reagent for sugar?

A

NEGATIVE: BLUE any other color is positive
green: very low
yellow: low
yellow/orange: medium
orange: high
red/orange: very high

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10
Q

What does a positive test look like for the Iodine test for polysaccharides (starch)?

A

Purple/blue/black indicates starch is present

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11
Q

What is the formula for Celsius to Fahrenheit?

A

F= (9/5)C + 32

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12
Q

What is the formula for Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

C= 5/9 (F- 32)

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13
Q

Compound scope magnification equation

A

Eyepiece magnification X scope magnification

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14
Q

Resolution equation (know how to plug in numbers)

A

r = 0.61 (lambda)/ N.A.

r: resolution

lambda: wavelength of light _ 0.54 micrometers = lambda

N.A.: numerical aperture of the objective lens

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15
Q

How do you estimate the length of a specimen?

A

low power: 4.2 mm
medium power: 1.4 mm
high power: 0.35 mm
multiply estimated length/ how much of field specimens takes up to the length of the field

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16
Q

How does the size of the molecule affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the size of the molecule, the less distance is traveled when diffused w/ another molecule

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17
Q

How does the temperature of the molecule affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The rate of simple diffusion is increased when the temperature is increased

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18
Q

Why did some bags lose weight in the dialysis bag experiment?

A

Hypotonic: inside bag
Hypertonic: outside bag

dH2O is moving from hypotonic to hypertonic
(dH2O in NaCl)

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19
Q

Why did some bags gain weight in the dialysis bag experiment?

A

Hypertonic: inside bag
Hypotonic: outside bag

dH2O is moving from hypotonic environment to hypertonic

(NaCl in dH2O)

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20
Q

Why did the salt solution plasmolyze Elodea and what did it look like?

A

Salt solution is hypertonic compared to plant cells

The cells looked like the inside had shrunk but the cell wall remained the same size

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21
Q

What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

Enzymes are proteins

They make reactions occur more rapidly by lowering activation energy

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22
Q

Product used in the reaction

A

Benzoquinone

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23
Q

Enzyme used in reaction

A

Catechol oxidase

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24
Q

Substrate used in reaction

A

Catechol

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25
How did the temperature affect enzyme activity for the enzyme used in this lab?
Higher temperature reduces activity
26
How did the pH affect enzyme activity for the enzyme used in this lab?
pH<4 or pH> 8 reduces activity
27
east undergoes ______ when it is lacking _____
Fermentation, O2
28
CO2 is a by product of ____
Fermentation
29
Crickets and beans perform ________ to make _______
Respiration, energy
30
Crickets and beans inhale ____ to produce _____
O2, CO2
31
How does measuring CO2 production relate to respiration and fermentation in yeast, germinating beans, and crickets?
When each respirates they produce CO2
32
What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation
Fermentation only occurs when O2 isn't present `
33
The process by which organisms get energy (ATP) from their food molecules
Cellular respiration
34
Produces 2 molecules of ethanol, 2 molecules of CO2, and 2 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis
Alcohol fermentation
35
Produces 2 molecules of lactic acid (lactate) and 2 ATPs are produced for every molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation
36
What does the heat of respiration represent?
The heat lost during respiration
37
What is the bromythbol blue experiment?
It changes color in the presence of CO2 More CO2 in light because light causes photosynthesis which releases CO2 Elodea grown in light=yellow= much produced Elodea grown in dark= green - some CO2 produced Blue= no CO2 present
38
How does chromatography work and which pigments were separated from the leaf?
chromatography papers have fibers of a certain size -carotene, chlorophyll A, and chlorophyll B 1. orange-yellow 2. yellow 3. grassy yellow 4. yellow green
39
what is fluorescence and what causes it?
long wavelength of light produced by electron as it falls to a lower level
40
what colors are useful for photosynthesis and what are least useful?
green = not useful -only color reflected in plants all others are absorbed
41
what is the difference between reflect and absorbed light?
reflected: colors seen absorbed: colors not seen
42
where is starch stored?
plant's vacuole
43
how does light vs dark affect starch storage?
light does not affect starch storage
44
how does measuring O2 level relate to photosynthesis?
plants produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis
45
What happens in mitosis?
a 4-stage process that creates 2 identical cells from one original cell
46
first and longest stage of mitosis -chromosomes become visible -centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
prophase
47
second stage of mitosis -chromosomes line up across the center of the cell -become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere
metaphase
48
3rd stage of mitosis -sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled a part
anaphase
49
4th stage of mitosis -chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell (lose distance rod-like shapes). -2 new nuclear membranes form around each other of the 2 regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear
telophase
50
process that follows the last stage of mitosis -2 complete copies of DNA now in different regions of one cell (cell membrane pinches and divides in 1/2) -result: 2 individual cells that are identical to the original call
cytokinesis
51
a period of cell growth and normal activity -between mitosis and cell cycle
interphase
52
meiosis: -DNA coils into chromosomes -nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear -mitotic spindle forms -synapsis (crossing-over) occurs
prophase 1
53
meiosis: -tetrads line up randomly along midline -spindle fibers attach to centromere of each homologous chromosome
metaphase 1
54
meiosis: -homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase 1
55
meiosis: -chromosomes reach opposite end of cell and cytokinesis begins
meiosis 1
56
meiosis: -spindle fibers form and move to the chromosomes toward the midline of the dividing cell
prophase 2
57
meiosis: -chromosomes move to midline of the diving cell -facing opposite poles of dividing cell
metaphase 2
58
meiosis: -chromatids separate -move toward opposite poles of the cell
anaphase 2
59
meiosis: -nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells
telophase 2
60
Containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (somatic cells)
diploid
61
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (gametes/sex cells)
haploid
62
both alleles for a trait are dominant in an individual
homozygous dominant
63
both alleles for a trait are recessive in an individual
homozygous recessive
64
differing alleles for a trial in an individual (Yy)
heterozygous
65
the different forms of a gene
allele
66
the genetic constitution of an organism with respect to a trait; for a single trait on an autosome, an individual can be homozygous for a dominant trait, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive trait
genotype
67
the physical appearance of an organism with respect to a trait
phenotype
68
what is an x-linked (sex-linked) trait and how do you determine the parental genotypes of given offspring phenotypes?
*genes for these traits occur on the X chromosomes. -no heterozygous state in males -only females can be carriers
69
at least 50% of people have specific trait
autosomal dominant
70
skips at least one generation
autosomal recessive
71
specific traits skips at least one generation, usually found in males
x-linked
72
how do electrophoresis work? look in manual to in detail information
they can be used to analyze hemoglobin in blood in order to detect the carrier of a genetic disease
73
What is sickle cell anemia?
an autosomal recessive trait, a patient with this as fewer red blood cells than a person with normal hemoglobin
74
genotype sickle cell anemia: H^AH^A
person has normal hemoglobin, no disease
75
genotype sickle cell anemia: H^AH^S
person is a "carrier"; half of their hemoglobin is normal; self is abnormal; these people usually aren't anemic
76
genotype sickle cell anemia: H^SH^S
person has a sickle cell anemia and thus has very severe anemia
77
what cell barriers had to be disrupted to get the DNA out of the cells, and ow were those barriers disrupted? (strawberry experiment)
-the cell membrane and cell wall had to be disrupted -smashing the strawberry disrupted the cell wall and the cell membrane was disrupted by the soap in the detergent
78
what caused the strawberry DNA to precipitate?
the alcohol added to the solution then causes the DNA to precipitate out
79
What does the DNA in the strawberry look like?
white, cloudy or find stringy substance
80
Hardy Winberg equilibrium equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1 (for 2 alleles A & a)
81
what does "p" represent?
Frequency of A
82
what does "q" represent?
frequency of a
83
What does "p^2" represent?
frequency of AA
84
What does "q^2" represent?
frequency of aa
85
What does "2pq" represent?
frequency of Aa
86
What does "p+q" represent?
frequency of individuals
87
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium mean?
frequency of individuals
88
What are the main assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1. NO NATURAL SELECTION 2. large population size (due to statistical constraints, to MINIMIZE GENETIC DRIFT) 3. RANDOM MATING of all genotypes 4. no migration- no exchange of alleles with other populations (NO GENE FLOW) 5. NO MUTATIONS of the alleles under study occur
89
how can you tell if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1. determine gene frequencies 2. determine expected genotype frequencies 3. compare with original population numbers -- determines if population are either equilibrium (or very close to it) or are experiencing disequilibrium of some sort
90
what is a bottleneck effect?
population undergoes a drastic reduction in size as a result of chance events
91
how does the bottleneck effect affect allele frequencies?
the range and frequency of alleles in this group are unlikely to be representative of those of the original population -- alleles may not be present of may be more or less frequent
92
how does non-random mating affect genotype frequencies?
-nonrandom mating occurs when individuals have mating preferences rather than randomly mating with any other individual in the population *result: some individuals have more opportunity to mate than others = produce more offspring (and more copies of genes) than others

Celeste P (12 decks)

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