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Celeste P > Bio Lab Final > Flashcards

Bio Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

What did caffeine do to the heart rate of Daphnia?

A

Caffeine sped up the heart rate

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2
Q

What did ethanol do to the heart rate of the Daphnia?

A

Ethanol slowed it down

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3
Q

One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment

A

Independent variable

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4
Q

A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changes in response to the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

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5
Q

range
median
mean
mode

A

difference between highest and lowest value
number in the middle
average
number that occurs the most

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6
Q

What solutions are used to test for the 4 types of organic molecules?

A

Iodine – polysaccharide (starch)

Benedict’s Reagent – Sugar

Brown Paper Bag and Vegetable Oil–Lipids

Biuret Test - protein

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7
Q

What does a positive test look like for the vegetable oil test for lipids? Negative?

A

Positive vegetable oil test: 1 layer
Negative vegetable oil test: 2 layers

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8
Q

What does a positive test look like for the Biuret test for proteins? negative?

A

Positive Biuret Test: violet color
Negative Biuret Test: pinkish

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9
Q

What does a positive test look like for the Benedict’s Reagent for sugar?

A

NEGATIVE: BLUE any other color is positive
green: very low
yellow: low
yellow/orange: medium
orange: high
red/orange: very high

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10
Q

What does a positive test look like for the Iodine test for polysaccharides (starch)?

A

Purple/blue/black indicates starch is present

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11
Q

What is the formula for Celsius to Fahrenheit?

A

F= (9/5)C + 32

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12
Q

What is the formula for Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

C= 5/9 (F- 32)

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13
Q

Compound scope magnification equation

A

Eyepiece magnification X scope magnification

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14
Q

Resolution equation (know how to plug in numbers)

A

r = 0.61 (lambda)/ N.A.

r: resolution

lambda: wavelength of light _ 0.54 micrometers = lambda

N.A.: numerical aperture of the objective lens

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15
Q

How do you estimate the length of a specimen?

A

low power: 4.2 mm
medium power: 1.4 mm
high power: 0.35 mm
multiply estimated length/ how much of field specimens takes up to the length of the field

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16
Q

How does the size of the molecule affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the size of the molecule, the less distance is traveled when diffused w/ another molecule

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17
Q

How does the temperature of the molecule affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The rate of simple diffusion is increased when the temperature is increased

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18
Q

Why did some bags lose weight in the dialysis bag experiment?

A

Hypotonic: inside bag
Hypertonic: outside bag

dH2O is moving from hypotonic to hypertonic
(dH2O in NaCl)

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19
Q

Why did some bags gain weight in the dialysis bag experiment?

A

Hypertonic: inside bag
Hypotonic: outside bag

dH2O is moving from hypotonic environment to hypertonic

(NaCl in dH2O)

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20
Q

Why did the salt solution plasmolyze Elodea and what did it look like?

A

Salt solution is hypertonic compared to plant cells

The cells looked like the inside had shrunk but the cell wall remained the same size

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21
Q

What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

Enzymes are proteins

They make reactions occur more rapidly by lowering activation energy

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22
Q

Product used in the reaction

A

Benzoquinone

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23
Q

Enzyme used in reaction

A

Catechol oxidase

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24
Q

Substrate used in reaction

A

Catechol

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25
Q

How did the temperature affect enzyme activity for the enzyme used in this lab?

A

Higher temperature reduces activity

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26
Q

How did the pH affect enzyme activity for the enzyme used in this lab?

A

pH<4 or pH> 8 reduces activity

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27
Q

east undergoes ______ when it is lacking _____

A

Fermentation, O2

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28
Q

CO2 is a by product of ____

A

Fermentation

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29
Q

Crickets and beans perform ________ to make _______

A

Respiration, energy

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30
Q

Crickets and beans inhale ____ to produce _____

A

O2, CO2

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31
Q

How does measuring CO2 production relate to respiration and fermentation in yeast, germinating beans, and crickets?

A

When each respirates they produce CO2

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32
Q

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation

A

Fermentation only occurs when O2 isn’t present `

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33
Q

The process by which organisms get energy (ATP) from their food molecules

A

Cellular respiration

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34
Q

Produces 2 molecules of ethanol, 2 molecules of CO2, and 2 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis

A

Alcohol fermentation

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35
Q

Produces 2 molecules of lactic acid (lactate) and 2 ATPs are produced for every molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis

A

Lactic acid fermentation

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36
Q

What does the heat of respiration represent?

A

The heat lost during respiration

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37
Q

What is the bromythbol blue experiment?

A

It changes color in the presence of CO2

More CO2 in light because light causes photosynthesis which releases CO2

Elodea grown in light=yellow= much produced

Elodea grown in dark= green - some CO2 produced

Blue= no CO2 present

38
Q

How does chromatography work and which pigments were separated from the leaf?

A

chromatography papers have fibers of a certain size
-carotene, chlorophyll A, and chlorophyll B

  1. orange-yellow
  2. yellow
  3. grassy yellow
  4. yellow green
39
Q

what is fluorescence and what causes it?

A

long wavelength of light produced by electron as it falls to a lower level

40
Q

what colors are useful for photosynthesis and what are least useful?

A

green = not useful
-only color reflected in plants

all others are absorbed

41
Q

what is the difference between reflect and absorbed light?

A

reflected: colors seen
absorbed: colors not seen

42
Q

where is starch stored?

A

plant’s vacuole

43
Q

how does light vs dark affect starch storage?

A

light does not affect starch storage

44
Q

how does measuring O2 level relate to photosynthesis?

A

plants produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis

45
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

a 4-stage process that creates 2 identical cells from one original cell

46
Q

first and longest stage of mitosis
-chromosomes become visible
-centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

A

prophase

47
Q

second stage of mitosis
-chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
-become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere

A

metaphase

48
Q

3rd stage of mitosis
-sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled a part

A

anaphase

49
Q

4th stage of mitosis
-chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell (lose distance rod-like shapes).
-2 new nuclear membranes form around each other of the 2 regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear

A

telophase

50
Q

process that follows the last stage of mitosis
-2 complete copies of DNA now in different regions of one cell (cell membrane pinches and divides in 1/2)
-result: 2 individual cells that are identical to the original call

A

cytokinesis

51
Q

a period of cell growth and normal activity
-between mitosis and cell cycle

A

interphase

52
Q

meiosis:
-DNA coils into chromosomes
-nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear
-mitotic spindle forms
-synapsis (crossing-over) occurs

A

prophase 1

53
Q

meiosis:
-tetrads line up randomly along midline
-spindle fibers attach to centromere of each homologous chromosome

A

metaphase 1

54
Q

meiosis:
-homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase 1

55
Q

meiosis:
-chromosomes reach opposite end of cell and cytokinesis begins

A

meiosis 1

56
Q

meiosis:
-spindle fibers form and move to the chromosomes toward the midline of the dividing cell

A

prophase 2

57
Q

meiosis:
-chromosomes move to midline of the diving cell
-facing opposite poles of dividing cell

A

metaphase 2

58
Q

meiosis:
-chromatids separate
-move toward opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase 2

59
Q

meiosis:
-nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells

A

telophase 2

60
Q

Containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (somatic cells)

A

diploid

61
Q

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (gametes/sex cells)

A

haploid

62
Q

both alleles for a trait are dominant in an individual

A

homozygous dominant

63
Q

both alleles for a trait are recessive in an individual

A

homozygous recessive

64
Q

differing alleles for a trial in an individual (Yy)

A

heterozygous

65
Q

the different forms of a gene

A

allele

66
Q

the genetic constitution of an organism with respect to a trait; for a single trait on an autosome, an individual can be homozygous for a dominant trait, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive trait

A

genotype

67
Q

the physical appearance of an organism with respect to a trait

A

phenotype

68
Q

what is an x-linked (sex-linked) trait and how do you determine the parental genotypes of given offspring phenotypes?

A

*genes for these traits occur on the X chromosomes.
-no heterozygous state in males
-only females can be carriers

69
Q

at least 50% of people have specific trait

A

autosomal dominant

70
Q

skips at least one generation

A

autosomal recessive

71
Q

specific traits skips at least one generation, usually found in males

A

x-linked

72
Q

how do electrophoresis work? look in manual to in detail information

A

they can be used to analyze hemoglobin in blood in order to detect the carrier of a genetic disease

73
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

an autosomal recessive trait, a patient with this as fewer red blood cells than a person with normal hemoglobin

74
Q

genotype sickle cell anemia:
H^AH^A

A

person has normal hemoglobin, no disease

75
Q

genotype sickle cell anemia:
H^AH^S

A

person is a “carrier”; half of their hemoglobin is normal; self is abnormal; these people usually aren’t anemic

76
Q

genotype sickle cell anemia:
H^SH^S

A

person has a sickle cell anemia and thus has very severe anemia

77
Q

what cell barriers had to be disrupted to get the DNA out of the cells, and ow were those barriers disrupted? (strawberry experiment)

A

-the cell membrane and cell wall had to be disrupted
-smashing the strawberry disrupted the cell wall and the cell membrane was disrupted by the soap in the detergent

78
Q

what caused the strawberry DNA to precipitate?

A

the alcohol added to the solution then causes the DNA to precipitate out

79
Q

What does the DNA in the strawberry look like?

A

white, cloudy or find stringy substance

80
Q

Hardy Winberg equilibrium equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1
(for 2 alleles A & a)

81
Q

what does “p” represent?

A

Frequency of A

82
Q

what does “q” represent?

A

frequency of a

83
Q

What does “p^2” represent?

A

frequency of AA

84
Q

What does “q^2” represent?

A

frequency of aa

85
Q

What does “2pq” represent?

A

frequency of Aa

86
Q

What does “p+q” represent?

A

frequency of individuals

87
Q

What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium mean?

A

frequency of individuals

88
Q

What are the main assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A
  1. NO NATURAL SELECTION
  2. large population size (due to statistical constraints, to MINIMIZE GENETIC DRIFT)
  3. RANDOM MATING of all genotypes
  4. no migration- no exchange of alleles with other populations (NO GENE FLOW)
  5. NO MUTATIONS of the alleles under study occur
89
Q

how can you tell if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A
  1. determine gene frequencies
  2. determine expected genotype frequencies
  3. compare with original population numbers
    – determines if population are either equilibrium (or very close to it) or are experiencing disequilibrium of some sort
90
Q

what is a bottleneck effect?

A

population undergoes a drastic reduction in size as a result of chance events

91
Q

how does the bottleneck effect affect allele frequencies?

A

the range and frequency of alleles in this group are unlikely to be representative of those of the original population

– alleles may not be present of may be more or less frequent

92
Q

how does non-random mating affect genotype frequencies?

A

-nonrandom mating occurs when individuals have mating preferences rather than randomly mating with any other individual in the population

*result: some individuals have more opportunity to mate than others = produce more offspring (and more copies of genes) than others

Celeste P (12 decks)

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