Bio Lecture Exam 3

Question 0

Functions of the respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Nasopharynx

Answer 0

Passageway for air

Question 1

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Nose.

Answer 1

Cleanses, moistens and warms air.

Question 2

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Sinuses

Answer 2

Frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid: warms air

Question 3

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Oropharynx:

Answer 3

Passageway for food and air

Question 4

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Laryngopharynx

Answer 4

Voice production

Question 5

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Epiglottis

Answer 5

Guardian of the airways.

Question 6

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Larynx

Answer 6

True and False vocal folds

Question 7

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Trachea

Answer 7

Passageway for air.

Question 8

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Cilia

Answer 8

Move mucus, dust etc.

Question 9

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Terminal Bronchus

Answer 9

Air passage

Question 10

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Alveoli

Answer 10

Gas exchange

Question 11

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Type II alveolar cells

Answer 11

Produces surfactant to keep water molecules apart.

Question 12

What is the role of macrophages in the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 12

Clean up after cilia

Question 13

Know the anatomical difference between the right and left bronchus ?

Answer 13

A. The right is bigger and more vertical

B. Left is horizontal

Question 14

What is the function of the respiratory and conduction zones?

Answer 14

Conduction: to warm and cleanse the air

Question 15

Know the blood supply and venous drainage of the lungs.

Answer 15

A. Bronchial artery: supplies the lungs with oxygenated blood.
B. Bronchial vein: drains the lungs of deoxygenated blood.

Question 16

What are the muscles of respiration?

Answer 16

External intercostals 
Internal intercostals 
Diaphragm 
Sternocleidomastoid 
Abdominals

Question 17

Know voice production.

Answer 17

Opening and closing of the glottis via the false and true vocal cords.

Question 18

What secretes surfactant? What cell in the respiratory zone produces surfactant? What is its role in decreasing surface tension?

Answer 18

A. Type II alveolar cells releases surfactant

B. Surfactant keeps the airways open by reducing surface tension by keeping water particles apart.

Question 19

What is Boyle’s law?

Answer 19

P1 V1= P2 V2

Gas pressure varies inversely with volume.

Question 20

What is intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure?

Answer 20

A. intrapulmonary: pressure within the lungs.

B. Intrapleural: pressure within the pleural cavity, always negative.

Question 21

Know what will impair the ability of getting oxygen to the tissues.

Answer 21

Thin respiratory membrane.
Abnormal hemoglobin 
Low Pp of O2 in elevation 
Blocked circulation 
CO

Question 22

Know and understand ventilation/ perfusion coupling. What’s do the arterioles do when ventilation is high or low?

Answer 22

A. Arterioles dialate when there is a lot of O2 and then constrict when it is low
B. Ventilation: the amount of gas reaching the alveoli.
C. Perfusion: blood flow reaching the alveoli.

Question 23

Know the non-respiratory gas movements.

Answer 23

Cough 
Crying 
Sneeze 
Laughing
Hiccups 
Yawns

Question 24

Know how CO2 is transported or carried in blood. What percentage is carried as bicarbonate, dissolved in gas, carried on globin? Where and how do we convert CO2 to bicarbonate?

Answer 24

A. Co2 travels on globin portion of hemoglobin. B. 70% is carried as bicarbonate. C. We convert co2 to bicarbonate when combined with H2o in blood plasma.

Question 25

Why is carbon monoxide lethal to us ?

Answer 25

It has high affinity to O2

Question 26

Chapter 23 Digestive. | Know the 6 essential digestive processes of digestion.

Answer 26

``` Ingestion Mechanical digestion Propulsion Chemical digestion Absorption Defecation ```

Question 27

Chapter 23 Digestive. Know the function of mesentary.

Answer 27

A. Anchors small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall B. Route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, for small intestines C. Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum

Question 28

Chapter 23 Digestive. Know the +function and content of saliva.

Answer 28

97-99.5% h2o, the rest is enzymes, amylase, antibacterial compounds lysosomes, electrolytes and mucus

Question 29

Chapter 23 Digestive. | Where do we start digesting starch/ carbohydrates?

Answer 29

In the oral cavity due to amylase.

Question 30

Chapter 23 Digestive. What is amylase?

Answer 30

Enzyme that breaks down starch/carbs

Question 31

Chapter 23 Digestive. Know the chemicals that influence the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCI) into the stomach.

Answer 31

HCI secretion is activated by pepsinogen which are secreted by chief cells . HCI is also hindered by gastrin,secreted by the G-cells of the gastric enteroendocrine cells. gastrin stimulates secretion of the histamines which can hinder HCI secretion

Question 32

Chapter 23 Digestive. What is the role of HCI in food digestion?

Answer 32

HCI denatures the proteins being digested,breaking them down into amino acids. Overall, aids in the breakdown of foods.

Question 33

Chapter 23 Digestive. Know the cells of the gastric gland. Parietal and chief cell. What do they produce?

Answer 33

Parietal cells- secrete HCI found in the fundus of the stomach. Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase When both HCI and pepsinogen combine they create pepsin.

Question 34

Chapter 23 Digestive. | Know the 6 essential digestive processes of digestion.

Answer 34

``` Ingestion Mechanical digestion Propulsion Chemical digestion Absorption Defecation ```

Question 35

Chapter 23 Digestive. Know the function of mesentary.

Answer 35

A. Anchors small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall B. Route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, for small intestines C. Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum

Question 36

Chapter 23 Digestive. Know the +function and content of saliva.

Answer 36

97-99.5% h2o, the rest is enzymes, amylase, antibacterial compounds lysosomes, electrolytes and mucus

Question 37

Chapter 23 Digestive. | Where do we start digesting starch/ carbohydrates?

Answer 37

In the oral cavity due to amylase.

Question 38

Chapter 23 Digestive. What is amylase?

Answer 38

Enzyme that breaks down starch/carbs

Question 39

Chapter 23 Digestive. Know the chemicals that influence the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCI) into the stomach.

Answer 39

HCI secretion is activated by pepsinogen which are secreted by chief cells . HCI is also hindered by gastrin,secreted by the G-cells of the gastric enteroendocrine cells. gastrin stimulates secretion of the histamines which can hinder HCI secretion

Question 40

Chapter 23 Digestive. What is the role of HCI in food digestion?

Answer 40

HCI denatures the proteins being digested,breaking them down into amino acids. Overall, aids in the breakdown of foods.

Question 41

Chapter 23 Digestive. Know the cells of the gastric gland. Parietal and chief cell. What do they produce?

Answer 41

Parietal cells- secrete HCI found in the fundus of the stomach. Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase When both HCI and pepsinogen combine they create pepsin.

Question 42

Chapter 25 Renal System. Functions of the kidney...

Answer 42

Remove from blood: toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions Regulate in blood: volume, chemical composition, and pH

Question 43

Chapter 25 Renal System. Functional unit of the kidney...

Answer 43

Nephrons are the structural and functional units in the kidney's that forms urine; maintains body fluid osmolarity. Over 1 million per kidney. Two parts: Glomerulus ( tuft of capillaries) And renal tubule ( bowmans capsule) surrounding it. Normal osmolarity: 280-300 osmolarity/kg

Question 44

Chapter 25 Renal System. Different specialized cells in the Juxtaglomerular apparatus and functions...

Answer 44

Granular cells: mechanoreceptors in the afferent arteriole. Macula densa cells: chemoreceptors for NaCl Mesangial cells: help macula densa and granular cells communicate Mesangial= messenger!

Question 45

Chapter 25 Renal System. What is GFR?

Answer 45

Glomerular filtration rate. 120-125 ml filtration/min on average

Question 46

Chapter 25 Renal System. How much urine do we produce each day ?

Answer 46

1-2 liters

Question 47

Chapter 25 Renal System. | What forces influence glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)

Answer 47

Surface area Hydrostatic pressure (NFP?) Membrane permeability

Question 48

Chapter 25 Renal System. How do the kidney's respond to low pH?

Answer 48

Rids of hydrogen ions and retains HCO3