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A-level Physical Education Year 2 > Bio-mechanical Movement > Flashcards

Bio-mechanical Movement Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What is SURFACE DRAG ?

A

Relates to friction between the surface of object and fluid environment

  • known as skin drag
  • wear specialised/smooth clothing to reduce surface drag
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2
Q

How to interpret the force-time graphs ?

A

the area under the graph represents the impulse (change in momentum)

1) START of race (100m)
- net impulse is positive = accelerate
2) MIDDLE of race (100m)
- net impulse is zero = constant velocity
3) End of race (100m)
- net impulse is negative = de-accelerate

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3
Q

What is ANGULAR MOTION ?

A

is the movement around a fixed point

  • rotation around one of the axis e.g. somersault
  • force applied outside the centre of mass - eccentric force
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4
Q

What are the factors that affect Friction ?

A

1) Surface characteristics of two bodies in contact
- e.g. spikes minimise friction
2) Temperature of two surfaces in contact
- e.g. curling - hooter reduces friction
3) Mass of object sliding
- e.g. larger mass means larger friction

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5
Q

What is the FIRST CLASS LEVER ?

A

Effort -> Fulcrum -> Resistance

- e.g. elbow extension (or neck)

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6
Q

How does “Height of release” affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile ?

A

The GREATER the height of release, the GREATER the horizontal displacement
- e.g. shot put release at greatest height as weight force is constant acting on ball

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7
Q

What are Positive and Negative for the Second class lever ?

A

POSTIVE
- generate much larger forces in short distance
NEGATIVE
- limited range of movement + move slowly

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8
Q

How does the “Mass of the Performer” affect stability ?

A

The GREATER the mass, the MORE stability there is

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9
Q

What is HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT ?

A

is the shortest distance from the starting position to the finishing position in a line parallel to the ground

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10
Q

How is CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM achieved ?

A

Momentum is conserved always - stays constant unless acted upon by force

  • Example is when no friction - ice skater
  • ice skater wants to speed up spin by manipulate their moment of inertia
    1) start of spin = arms + legs out to increase moment of inertia so velocity is low
    2) arms + legs in line with axis of rotation so moment of inertia decreases so angular velocity increases
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11
Q

What is the Centre of Mass ?

A

Is the point of balance of a body

- will change depending on position

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12
Q

What is VELOCITY ?

A

the rate of change of displacement

  • UNITS = ms^-1
  • V = Δs/Δt
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13
Q

What is Air Resistance and How does Air Resistance affect the performer ?

A

Air Resistance is the force acting in opposite direction to motion of a body travelling through the air

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14
Q

What is MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE ?

A

Is when the resistance arm is longer than the effort arm

- EA

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15
Q

What is MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE ?

A

Is when the effort arm is longer than the resistance arm

- EA>RA

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16
Q

What is the ANGLE OF ATTACK ?

A

Is the tilt of a projectile relative to the air flow

  • it changes the flow of air around the object
  • if too great - lift is reduced + drag increased
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17
Q

What is MOMENTUM ?

A

the product of the mass and the velocity of the object

  • UNITS = kgms^-1
  • p = mv
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18
Q

What is FORM DRAG ?

A

Relates to impact of fluid environment on an object

  • known as shape drag
  • force affecting the leading edge of object increases form drag - STREAMLINING
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19
Q

What is a reaction force ?

A

This occurs when two bodies in contact with one another

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20
Q

What are the factors that affect Air Resistance ?

A

1) Velocity of moving object
- e.g. faster means larger resistance
2) Cross-sectional area of moving object
- e.g. larger S.A means larger resistance
3) Shape + surface characteristics of moving body
- e.g. streamlined shapes reduce resistance

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21
Q

How does the “Cross-sectional area of moving object” affect drag ?

A

The LARGER S.A, the LARGER the drag force

- e.g. cyclist crouching to reduce effect of drag

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22
Q

What is Fluid Mechanics ?

A

Is the study of fluids + how forces affect them

- Dynamic fluid concerns the movement of liquids + gases - experience drag and lift force

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23
Q

What are Positive and Negative for the First/Third class lever ?

A

POSTIVE
- larger range of movement + move quickly
NEGATIVE
- can’t apply much force to move an object

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24
Q

What is the Law of REACTION ?

A

States to every force there is an equal and opposite reaction force
- e.g. sprint start on the blocks

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25
What is a VECTOR ?
Is Measurements of SIZE and DIRECTION
26
What are Newton's Laws of Linear Motion ?
1) Law of INERTIA 2) Law of ACCELERATION 3) Law of REACTION
27
What are the Vector Components of Parabolic flight ?
HORIZONTAL COMPONENT - the horizontal motion of an object VERTICAL COMPONENT - the vertical motion of an object - start of flight - resultant force up - end of flight - resultant force down
28
What are the factors which affect drag ?
1) Velocity of moving object 2) Cross-sectional area of moving object 3) Shape + Surface characteristics of moving body
29
What is LIFT FORCE ?
It causes a body to move perpendicular to direction of travel - e.g. Discus thrown experiences an upward lift force - stay in air for longer - increase horizontal displacement
30
What is the SECOND CLASS LEVER ?
Fulcrum -> Resistance -> Effort | - e.g. flexion at the ankle
31
What is STREAMLINING ?
Involves shaping a body so it can move effectively + quickly through a fluid - e.g. swimmer making body shape thin or cyclist drafting by close behind front cyclist
32
What is SPEED ?
the body's rate of change of position - UNITS = ms^-1 - S = d/t
33
What are the factors which affect stability ?
1) Height of the centre of mass 2) Position of line of gravity 3) Area of base of Support 4) Mass of the Performer
34
What is DISPLACEMENT ?
the shortest distance in a straight line between the start and finish position - UNITS = m
35
How does the Bernoulli's Principle affect the lift force of a Discus ?
When the angle of attack of a discus is between 25-40 degrees - air over top travels longer distance - so air molecules above travel at a faster velocity - causing lower pressure than below - causing a lift force upwards - result in greater horizontal distance
36
How does the "Height of the centre of mass" affect stability ?
The LOWER the height of centre of mass will INCREASE stability
37
What is Weight and How does Weight/Gravity affect the performer ?
Weight is the product of the mass and the acceleration the object - force pulling body towards centre of earth - greater mass means greater force
38
What is the Law of INERTIA ?
States a body will remain at rest or at a constant velocity unless acted on by an external force - e.g. high jump changing state of motion
39
How does "Speed of release" affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile ?
The GREATER the velocity of projectile, the GREATER the horizontal displacement
40
How does "Angle of release" affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile ?
This ensures the object travels as far as possible - optimum angle of release is dependent upon the release height + landing height 1) release height = landing height means optimum angle of release is 45 - e.g. long jump 2) release height < landing height means optimum angle of release is greater than 45 - e.g. basketball 3) release height > landing height optimum angle of release is less than 45 - e.g. shot put
41
What are the factors which affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile ?
1) Angle of release 2) Speed of release 3) Height of release
42
What is MASS ?
the quality of matter a body possesses | - UNITS = kg
43
What is Linear Motion ?
The motion in a straight line or curved line, with all body parts moving the same distance at the same speed in the same direction e.g. 100/200m
44
What is the MOMENT OF INERTIA ?
INERTIA is a resistance to change in motion so MOMENT OF INERTIA is the resistance of a body to angular motion - depends on mass + distribution of mass around the axis - greater mass = greater resistance to change = greater moment of inertia - greater distance of distributed of mass from axis = Increase moment of inertia e.g. tucked position
45
How does the "Area of base of Support" affect stability ?
If there is more contact points, the base will be LARGER so will be MORE stable
46
What is Angular Momentum ?
Moment of inertia x angular velocity - both inversely proportional to each other - Angular Momentum means "spin"
47
What is a PARABOLA ?
A curve with matching left and right hand sides
48
What is Angular Acceleration ?
Is the rate of change of angular velocity | - UNITS = radians/s^2
49
How does the "Velocity of moving object" affect drag ?
The GREATER the velocity through a fluid, the GREATER drag force -e.g. racing cars
50
What is Projectile motion ?
Is movement of object/human in the air
51
What does a Lever consist of ?
1) FULCRUM - are the joints 2) EFFORT -provided by the muscles 3) RESISTANCE - weight being moved e.g. gravity FRE-123
52
What is IMPULSE ?
FORCE x TIME - impulse = change of momentum - increase momentum by increasing either muscular force applied or time for force applied - decrease momentum by increasing time so force applied is reduced - controlled landing + reduce chance of injury
53
What is the Law of ACCELERATION ?
States the acceleration for a body is proportional the the force causing it and takes place in the same direction - F = MA - e.g. athlete at sprint start
54
What is the THIRD CLASS LEVER ?
Fulcrum -> Effort -> Resistance | - e.g. whole body
55
What is Drag ? And what are the two types ?
Is a force that acts in opposition to motion - effects velocity negatively - produced from friction + air resistance 1) SURFACE DRAG 2) FORM DRAG
56
How Forces act upon a performer during Linear Motion ?
- Vector so shown using arrows as magnitude - Net force = resultant force - if air resistance = friction then net result is zero - friction is longer means athlete with accelerate
57
What is WEIGHT ?
the gravitational forces exerted on an object | - UNITS = N
58
What is DISTANCE ?
the path a body takes as it moves from the starting position to the finishing position - UNITS = m
59
What is Angular Velocity ?
Is the rate of change of angular displacement | - UNITS = radians/s
60
How does the "Position of line of gravity" affect stability ?
This should be central OVER the base of support to INCREASE stability
61
What is ACCELERATION ?
the rate of change of velocity - UNITS = ms^-2 - A = Δv/Δt
62
How to apply Newton's Laws to Angular motion ?
1) a rotating body will continue in it's state of angular motion unless acted on by an external force - TORQUE - rotating force - e.g. ice skater continue to spin in air till land 2) rate of change of angular momentum of body is proportional to the force causing it, in the same direction - e.g. leaning forward on diving board 3) when a torque is applied by one body to another, the other body apply's an equal but opposite torque - e.g. hanging technique in long jump
63
What is a SCALAR ?
Is Measurements of only SIZE/MAGNITUDE
64
How does the Bernoulli's Principle affect the lift force of a Cyclist/Sport cars ?
A lift force can work downwards - cause greater frictional force so greater grip - shaped so angle of attack causes the air over top travels a shorter distance - so air molecules above travel at a slower velocity causing higher pressure than below - maintain grip at high speed + around curves
65
What is Bernoulli's Principle ?
States where air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel + more pressure when they travel slower - angle of attack is very important
66
What are the factors affecting flight path of different projectiles ?
1) Weight 2) Air Resistance - whether is TRUE parabola or DISTORTED parabola - larger weight force + small air resistance = true parabola e.g. shot put - light wight force + greater air resistance = distorted parabola e.g. shuttlecock - longer flight path, greater effect of air resistance
67
What Forces act upon a performer during Linear Motion ?
``` INTERNAL - is generated by the skeletal muscles EXTERNAL - comes from outside the body - weight/gravity - reaction - Friction - Air Resistance ```
68
What is Friction and How does Friction affect the performer ?
Friction occurs when two or more bodies are in contact with one another - acts in opposite to motion - there are two types ; static + sliding 1) STATIC - occurs before an object starts to slide 2) SLIDING - occurs when surfaces are moving relative to one another
69
What is Angular Displacement ?
Is the smallest change in angle between the starting and finishing position - UNITS = radians
70
How does the "Shape + Surface characteristics of moving body" affect drag ?
The more Streamlined/aerodynamic shape will reduce drag force - sport scientists research to try get marginal gains in speed - e.g. cyclist air dust gaps to reduce drag or speed skier helmet extend to shoulder

A-level Physical Education Year 2 (4 decks)

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