Bio Med MID SEMESTER EXAM Flashcards

Question

Cillia

Answer 1

Cilia help move substances through internal passageways

Answer 2

It is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes of females. trachea, the air passages like the nose, large bronchi Function: To propel / move along  The movement of the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.  Propels mucus in the respiratory passages

Answer 3

"FAKEstatified" Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface  Nuclei are seen at different layers  Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (non ciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

Answer 4

Classified by:  Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine  Relative number of cells forming the gland – unicellular or multicel

Answer 5

Ductless glands that produce hormones  Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids

Answer 6

Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands.  The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell  Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and secretory unit

Answer 7

Cells  Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells. 2. Ground substance  Unstructured material that fills the space between cells. 3. Fibers  Collagen, elastic, or reticular

Answer 8

Ligament is bone to bone Tendon is Muscle to bone

Answer 9

Chondroblasts - Cartilage Osteoblasts - Bone Fibroblasts - collagen Hematoietic stem cells - blood cells Fat Cells/Adipocytes - fat storage

Answer 10

Derived from chondrocytes  Contains no blood vessels  Derives nutrients from matrix by diffusion Functions  Provide flexible support and tensile strength  Provides framework for developing embryo

Answer 11

Erythrocytes (red blood cells),  Leukocytes (white blood cells) and  Thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 12

Sheet of epithelial cells over a thin layer of loose connective tissue

Answer 13

line body cavities or canals that open to the exterior ◼ Example: throat, nose, mouth, urethra, rectum, vagina, etc. ◼ They produce a thick, slippery liquid called mucus that protects the membranes and keeps them moist

Answer 14

line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside ◼ Serous membranes produce serous fluid which lubricates the membrane and reduces friction when organs move against each other or the cavity wall ◼ Example: Pericardium, pleural

Answer 15

line the cavities of the freely movable joints ◼ Example: the shoulder, elbow and knee ◼ secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity which lubricates the cartilage on the ends of the bones so that they can move freely and without friction

Answer 16

Substances that promotes growth, maintenance, and repair Major nutrients – carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Other nutrients nutrients – vitamins vitamins and mineral

Answer 17

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Dietary sources Starch (complex carbohydrates) - grains and vegetables (bread, cereal, potatoes) Simple sugars - fruits, honey and milk Insoluble fiber - cellulose in vegetables - provides roughage Soluble fiber - pectin in apples and citrus fruits - reduces blood cholesterol levels

Answer 18

Glucose is the fuel used by cells to make ATP (cellular respiration) Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or fat and stored 2. Form new compounds Combine to form

Answer 19

Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates They are insoluble in water but dissolve in other lipids, and solvents like alcohol

Answer 20

Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates They are insoluble in water but dissolve in other lipids, and solvents like alcohol Help absorb fat-soluble vitamins Major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle Phospholipids are essential in myelin sheaths and all cell membranes

Answer 21

Protective cushions around body organs Insulating layer beneath the skin Concentrated source of energy

Answer 22

Stabilizes membranes Precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones

Answer 23

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; may contain sulphur and phosphorus Uses Structural materials: keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle proteins. Most functional functional molecules molecules: enzymes, enzymes, some hormones. Protein will be used as fuel if there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat available.

Answer 24

The body is in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the amount excreted in urine and feces.

Answer 25

Organic compounds Needed for growth and good health (A, B-complex, C, D, E, and K) Crucial in helping the body use nutrients Most function as coenzymes Vitamins D, some B and K are synthesized in the body All others must be ingested

Answer 26

B complex and C are absorbed with water B12 absorption requires intrinsic factor Not stored in the body

Answer 27

A, D, E, and K bind to ingested lipids, and are absorbed with lipid digestion products Stored in the body, except for vitamin K Vitamins A, C, and E act as antioxidants

Answer 28

Seven minerals are required in moderate amounts Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium.

Answer 29

It is the sum total of all the chemical reactions which occur in the human body Two types of reactions Anabolic reaction Catabolic reaction

Answer 30

Synthesis of large molecules from small ones - building up reactions Results in positive nitrogen balance Dynamic process requiring energy

Answer 31

Hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones - breaking down reactions Results in negative nitrogen balance Releases energy

Answer 32

All carbohydrates in food is either digested to glucose or converted to glycogen in the liver Glucose enters the cells (with the help of hormone, insulin)

Answer 33

Glycogenesis – glycogen synthesis Occurs when glucose supplies are in excess; liver and skeletal muscle. Glycogenolysis – lysis or breakdown of glycogen Occurs in response to low blood glucose level; in the liver, kidney and intestinal cells Gluconeogenesis – glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate molecules (glycerol and amino acid) Occurs as a protective mechanism against the damaging effects of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose level); in the liver

Answer 34

Lipids are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol before it the enters cells Excess fatty acids and glycerol is converted into triglycerides to be stored in adipose tissue

Answer 35

– synthesis of triglycerides.

Answer 36

Proteins have limited lifespan Amino acids are the most important anabolic nutrients They form all protein structures and bulk of the functional proteins. Amino acids are broken and reused to build new proteins

Answer 37

Excess proteins cannot be stored, they are broken down to amino acids to be converted to fat and stored for later use

Answer 38

the time during and shortly after eating Nutrients rapidly enter blood stream from gastrointestinal tract. Insulin directs events in this state

Answer 39

period when the gastro-intestinal tract is empty. body reserves are broken down to supply energy. Regulated by several hormones and sympathetic nervous system

Answer 40

Interstitial fluid (ISF) – volume of fluid in the microscopic spaces between the cells 2. Plasma – volume of fluid portion of the blood within the blood vessels. 3. Transcellular Transcellular fluid – fluid in the body cavity or spaces

Answer 41

Solvent - water Solutes - electrolytes and non-electrolytes Electrolytes – substances that ionize in water to charged particles

Answer 42

Electrolytes are salts, acids, and bases Electrolyte balance usually refers only to salt balance Salts enter the body by ingestion and are lost via perspiration, faeces, and urine

Answer 43

Electrolytes are salts, acids, and bases Electrolyte balance usually refers only to salt balance Salts enter the body by ingestion and are lost via perspiration, faeces, and urine

Answer 44

Aldosterone is released from adrenal gland

Answer 45

Increase release of hormone ADH from pituitary gland Increase in the hormone - atrial natriuretic peptide ANP from heart Reduction in aldosterone release

Answer 46

t donate H+ (Proton donor)

Answer 47

are chemical substances that accept H+ (Proton acceptor)

Answer 48

pH 7 is neutral pH <7 – acidic pH > 7 – alkaline

Answer 49

Normal blood pH – 7.35 – 7.45 Alkalosis – increase in pH of arterial blood >7.45 Acidosis – decrease in pH of arterial blood <7.35

Answer 50

Transparent barrier that encloses cell contents Seperate the intracellular fluid with the extracellular Lipid Bio layer of phospholipids Hydrophilic - water scared

Answer 51

Cellular respiration ATP and Protien synthesis RNA

Answer 52

transport system of cells

Answer 53

Pasckaging - accumilation of protiens - detoxification unit

Answer 54

mitotic spindle determins the structure and supports cell

Answer 55

The fibrous membrane covering bone consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer (cambium). The outer layer is composed mostly of collagen and contains nerve fibres that cause pain when the tissue is damaged. It also contains many blood vessels, branches of which penetrate the bone to supply the osteocytes, or bone cells.

Answer 56

The medullary cavity is the hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow. The bone marrow makes blood cells and stores fat. Spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) is made up of small, needle-like pieces of bone arranged like a honeycomb.

Answer 57

NERVOUS TISSUE BONY OSSEUS TISSUE CARTILAGE MUSCLES AND EPITHELEAL TISSUE IN THEI BLOOD

Answer 58

INBETWEEN THE EPIPHYSIS AND DIAPHYSIS CARLIAGE RESPONISBLE FOR BONE GROWTH

Answer 59

It states that our bones become thicker and stronger over time to resist forces placed upon them and thinner and weaker if there are no forces to act against. This principle is important for preventing injuries. A thicker bone is harder to break.

Answer 60

TALUS AND CALCANEOUS

Bio Med MID SEMESTER EXAM Flashcards

(85 cards)