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Bio Mid Term Flashcards

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1
Q

Ionic bonds

A

electrons are transferred-but result is energetically stable “happy” atoms
-Results in atoms with charge called ions
-Opposite charges attract
Strong bonds

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2
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Electrons are shared
Can be shared equally or unequally
-Sharing makes both atoms energetically stable (Happy)
-Strong bonds

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3
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

-Characterized by equal sharing of electrons
-Between two element symbols indicates a pair of electrons (EX: H-H)

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4
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Characterized by unequal sharing of electrons
-Results in an unequal distribution of charge
-Ex water is a polar molecule

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5
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

-Weaker bond type
-Focus for us is hydrogen bonding between water molecules

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6
Q

Hydrophobic

A

something that does not mix with water Ex: oil

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7
Q

Hydrophilic

A

mix well w/ water

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8
Q

water is polar

A

A single water molecule consists of two polar
covalent bonds between hydrogens and oxygen resulting in polarity

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9
Q

Adhesion

A

water is attracted to other things, because its polar

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Elements C,H,O (1:2:1)
-Source of ready energy (4 cal/gram)
-Names often end in -ose
-Monomer = Monosaccharide a.k.a simple sugar Ex: glucose (C6 H12 O6)

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11
Q

Lipids

A

Elements C,H,O
-Nonpolar, hydrophobic
-Fats, oils, waxes, steroids including cholesterol
-Longer term source of energy (9 cal/gram)
-Essential
-Two components of a fat: glycerol and one or more fatty acids

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12
Q

Proteins A.K.A polypeptides

A

Elements C,H,O,N
-Source of energy (4 cal/gram)
-Diverse, complex
-Shape determines function
-Monomer = Amino acid

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13
Q

Passive processes

A

Cell transport processes can be passive or active
-Does not require the cell to expend energy
-Net Movement from high to low concentration; “with” or “down” the gradient

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

do not have present bound organelles, its smaller, the cells structure is unicellular, Ex: bacteria archaea

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15
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

do have bound organelles present, larger, it can be both unicellular or multicellular, Ex plant

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16
Q

Phospholipid

A

-Hydrophilic head
-Hydrophobic tails
-Two tails
-And a head

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17
Q

ATP

A

the energy currency of the cell, we do not eat ATP
Active processes require energy

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18
Q

Active movement

A

movement of molecules from low to high concentration; against or up the gradient

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19
Q

Passive transport process

A

Diffusion: molecules spread evenly into space, hight to low in molecule movement, Ex: O2, CO2
-Facilitated diffusion: molecule movement (down the gradient) is assisted by proteins,high to low in molecule movement, Ex: glucose
-Osmosis: Movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration. high to low in molecule movement, Ex:water

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

Are proteins
-They are molecular catalyst (Speeds up chemical reactions)
-Very frequently enzymes in in an -ase
-Enzymes lower activation energy
Activation energy- amount of energy required to start a reaction.

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21
Q

Cellular respiration

A

-Reactants is what we start with, product is what end with
-Glucose - C6 H12 6O2
-when it goes through lungs its called Cell respiration, when respire we breathe out CO2

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22
Q

Respiratory system

A

Brings in O2; releases CO2; respiration and cell respiration are related but not exactly the same

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23
Q

Digestive system

A

breaks down food (Carbs, proteins, lipids)

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24
Q

Circulatory system

A

Delivers glucose and O2; picks up CO2

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25
Glycolysis
Conversion of glucose to 2 (3c) molecules -2 net ATP produced -Occurs in the cytoplasm -Occurs with or without 02 -NADH loaded with high energy electron
26
NADH
Electron shutting molecules
27
Kreb’s Cycle
-Occurs in the mitochondria -02 is required -2 ATP are produced -NADH and FADH2 are loaded with high energy electron
28
Electron transport chain
-Occurs in the mitochondria -02 is required and used -NADH and FADH2 unload high energy electron cargo -Big APT payoff - 25 ATP
29
Anaerobic respiration (Fermentation)
Without oxygen Has glycolysis Makes 2 ATP NAD+ is left afterwards Makes Lactate
30
Photosynthesis equation
(reactant) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O —sunlight-----) 6 O2 + C6H12O6(product)
31
Stomata(Stoma)
Pores on underside of a leaf
32
chloroplast
produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield.
33
chlorophyll pigment
to capture the light energy of the sun and convert water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.
34
Light-Dependent Reactions
occur in the chloroplast, uses light and water, produce oxygen, also produce the ATP and NADPH necessary for the Calvin Cycle.
35
Calvin Cycle
occurs in the chloroplast, uses carbon dioxide, uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, makes sugar
36
4 DNA nitrogenous bases:
-adenine(A) -thymin(T) -Cytosine(C) -Guanine(G)
37
DNA is a double helix with specific base pairing
A with T ( Apple trees) and C with G (chewing gum)
38
Stem cell
cells from which specialized cells are generated
39
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
40
Cell cycle
-In a circle like a clock -G1 and G2 a lot of growth and doing there job -G1 growth, metabolism S stands for synthesis, DNA replication -G2 growth and prep for cell division -M cell division
41
what parts are interphase what parts are mitosis
G1 —) S —) G2 —) M—)
42
DNA Replication during S of interphase
-DNA is unzipped; hydrogen bonds between base pairs break -Single-stranded DNA used as a template -Base pairing rules followed: A=T C=G -DNA polymerase is the main enzyme of DNA replication -Semi-conservative replication
43
P (prophase)
chromosomes condense
44
M (metaphase)
chromosomes line up at the middle
45
T (telophase)
nuclei form and cell returns to non-dividing state
46
A (anaphase)
sister chromatids separate;
47
Chromosomes
double-stranded DNA wound around proteins- one l
48
Sister chromatids
identical double-stranded DNA molecules that result from DNA replication- two together )(
49
proto-oncogenes
promotes cell division (Like a gas pedal)
50
Oncogene
Mutated proto-oncogene(full acceleration)
51
Tumor suppressor gene
Normal-inhibit cell division (like a break) a mutation tumor suppressor gene is like a break that does not work
52
Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction results in genetically identical descendants while sexual reproduction generates genetic variation
53
Diploid cell –
body cell (non-sex cell) with pairs of homologous chromosomes; 46 is the diploid number for human cells; notation is 2n
54
Haploid cell
gamete (sex cell) with unpaired chromosomes; 23 is the haploid number for human cells; notation is n
55
Autosomes (body chromosomes)
are chromosomes numbered 1-22, Chromosomes that do not determine biological sex
56
Gametes
-Sex cells ( Egg and sperm) -Haploid, N = unpaired chromosomes -Haploid chromosome # in humans= 23
57
Zygote
fertilized egg cell; diploid
58
Unique features of meiosis I
crossing over during prophase I (before sex), separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes during meiosis I resulting in 2 haploid cells
59
meiosis II
-Looks like mitosis -Sister chromatids separate -Result: 4 haploid cells -Crossing over during Prophase 1
60
Sources of genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms
-Independent assortment of homologous pairs during meiosis 1 -Any sperm can fuse with any egg ( random fertilization)
61
Nondisjunction
failure of chromosomes to separate properly
62
Aneuploidy
abnormal number of chromosomes; either autosomes or sex chromosomes
63
Key distinctions in human spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis
rate and timing (spermatogenesis is sperm and Oogenesis is eggs)
64
compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA.

Bio Mid Term (3 decks)

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