Bio Midterm Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
biotic
A
living things in environment
2
Q
abiotic
A
non living things in environment
3
Q
ecology
A
study of interactions between organisms
4
Q
species
A
population of organisms that can breed and have children
5
Q
population
A
group of individuals in the same species living in same area at same time
6
Q
community
A
all organisms in all interacting populations in given area
7
Q
ecosystem
A
community of populations together
8
Q
biome
A
ecosystem (or group of eco’s) in a region on earth
9
Q
biosphere
A
all areas on earth that can support life and are inhabited
10
Q
smallest to largest group of ecological organization
A
individuals - species - population - community - ecosystem - biome - biosphere
11
Q
kingdom
A
second highest classification of living things
12
Q
domain
A
highest level of classification of living things
13
Q
binomial nomenclature
A
system in which a two-word name is used to identify an organism
14
Q
cellular respiration
A
process in which mitochondria in the cells break down carbs and other energy rich products derived from them
15
Q
photosynthesis
A
process that plants use suns light to chemically convert carbon into carbs
16
Q
producer
A
organism that makes its own food by using light or chemical energy
17
Q
consumer
A
organism that eats producers
18
Q
chemosynthesis
A
process where fungi and bacteria use energy from chemical nutrients to convert carbon into carbs without sunlight
19
Q
primary consumer
A
organism that eats plants
20
Q
secondary consumer
A
organism that eats primary consumer
21
Q
tertiary consumer
A
organism that eats secondary consumer
22
Q
decomposer
A
organism that eats dead plants or animals
23
Q
how much energy is lost each trophic level
A
0.1
24
Q
trophic level
A
feeding level in an ecosystem through energy and matter are transferred
25
pyramid of energy
representation of relative amount of energy at each trophic level
26
ecotone
area of transition between biomes
27
tundra
biome that lacks trees and has frozen soil
28
boreal forests
broad band of mixed trees that stretches across northern america, europe, and asia
29
temperate deciduous forest
biome that has winter summer change of seasons and that typically has 75cm to 150cm of rain over the year
30
prairie grassland
grasses are dominant vegitation, trees are rare
31
neritic zone
relitively shallow water found over continental shelf
32
bathyal zone
region of ocean between 1000m and 4000m deep
33
abyssal zone
region of ocean between 4000m and 6000m deep
34
intertidal zone
region between high and low tide on the shore
35
estuary
semi enclosed coastal ecosystem transitional between marine and freshwater habitat
36
littoral zone
region along the shore of freshwater ecosystem
37
limnetic zone
region with deeper open waters in freshwater
38
benthic zone
region in and above bottom sediment
39
population size (N)
number of individuals of the same species living in a specific area
40
population density (Dp)
number of individuals per unit of volume or area
41
transect
long relatively narrow rectangular area or line used for sampling a population
42
quadrat
area of specific site used for sampling a population, used to sample organisms that dont move or dont move a lot
43
how to use quadrats to find population
Dp = N/A
44
mark recapture
method in which animals are captured, tagged, and released, and later recaptured
45
how to use markrecapture to find population density
total # of individuals/sampling area
46
how to use mark recapture to find population with pop density
estimated pop size = estimated pop density * total size of study area
47
mark recapture to FIND total population size
Total pop = (total number marked(M))(size of the second sample(n))/number of recaptures(m)
48
distribution pattern
pattern of a population is distributed or spread in an area, Uniform, Random, or Clumped
49
life history
survivorship and reproductive patterns shown by individuals in a population
50
fecundity
average number of offspring produced by a female member of a population over her lifetime
51
survivorship
number or percentage of organisms that typically live to a given age in a population
52
types of survivorship patterns
TYPE I: high rate of juvenile survival and individuals live to sexual maturity and beyond (what)
TYPE II: risk of mortality is constant throughout individuals lifetime
TYPE III: most individuals die as juveniles, few members live to produce offspring
53
demography
study of population changes
54
immigration
movement of individuals into a population
55
emigration
movement of individuals out of a population
56
biotic potential
highest possible per capita growth rate for a population
57
exponential growth
growth pattern shown by a population growing its biotic potential
58
carrying capacity
maximum population size a habitat can sustain over extended periods of time
59
logistic growth
growth pattern exhibitied by a population for which grown is limited by carrying capacity, or limited availability of resources
60
density dependent factor
biotic factor that limits a habitat carrying capacity
61
density independant factor
abiotic factor that limits a habitats carrying capacity
62
r selected strategy
life strategy characterized by high reproductive rate with little or no attention to offspring survival
63
k selected strategy
life strategy characterized by low reproduction rate with high attention to offspring survival
64
competition
occurs between or among living things that are all trying to use the same limited resource
65
intraspecific compentition
competition for limited resources among members of the same species
66
interspecific competition
competition of limited resources among members of different species
67
predator
organism that kills and eats other ones
68
prey
organism that gets killed and eaten
69
symbiosis
direct or close relationship between individuals of different species that live together usually involves organism that feeds on another
70
mutualism
type of symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
71
commensalism
type of symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed
72
parasitism
type of symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed
73
doubling time
time it takes for a population to double in size
74
demographic transition
theory that pattern of birth rates, death rates, and growth rates over time
75
population pyramid
type of bar graph that shows age distribution in a population
76
eccological footprint
ammount of productive land required for each person in a defined area, such as a country, for food, water, transport, waste manage ment, and other needs
77
available biocapacity
earths carrying capacity for human population
78
biodiversity
encompasses species diversity the genetic diversity that exists within each of these species, and the diversity of ecosystems to which these species belong
79
sustainability
quality of causing little or no damage to the environment over a continued period of time
80
biochemistry
study of activity and properites of molecules that are important to living systems
81
cell
smallest unit of life that can exist on its own as a single celled organism or as part as a multi cell organism
82
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, energy carrying biological molecule
83
hydrolysis
chemical reaction that adds a molecule of water in breaking of covalent bond
84
hydrophillic
substances made on polar molecules or ions, dissolve in water
85
hydrophobic
substances made of non polar molecules, do not dissolve in water
86
acid
substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration when added to water
87
base
substance that increases hydroxide ion concentration when added to water
88
pH scale
range of values from 0 to 14 that indicate acidity or basicity of a substance
89
macromolecule
large molecule
90
carbohydrate
biomolecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, includes sugars
91
simple carbohydrate
monosaccharides and disaccharides, simple sugars
92
complex carbohydrate
many monosaccharides joined together to make polysaccharides
93
polysaccharide
macromolecule made up of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
94
condensation reaction
chemical reaction that results in the formation of a covalent bond between two molecules with the production of a water molecule
95
phospholipid
type of lipid consisting of two fatty acids and a phosphate containing group bonded to glycerol
96
protein
polymer made up of monomers called amino acids
97
amino acid
molecule made up of a central carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side chain
98
catalyst
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the reaction
99
nucleic acid
macromolecule composed of nucleotide monomers
100
enzyme
protein that acts as a biological catalyst, increasing the speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur
101
substrate
a molecule on which an enzyme acts as a catalyst
102
abiogenesis
idea that life can develop from non living matter
103
biogenesis
idea that life comes from life
104
cell theory
1. all organisms are made of cell(s)
2. cells are the most basic units of structure and function in all organisms
3. all cells come from other already existing cells
4. the activities of a multicellular organism depend on the activites of all of its cells
105
compound light microscope
device that directs light through multiple lenses to produce a magnified image of an object
106
electron microscope
device that uses electromagnets to focus and produce a magnified image of an object
107
depth of field
visual range that is in focus from foreground to backround
108
organelle
structure within a cell that preforms a specific function
109
cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cells contents seperating and protecting the cell from its surroundings
110
cell wall
strong rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells, mostly cellulose
111
cytoplasm
cells contents including the cytosol and organelles other than the nuclues
112
cytosol
jelly like fluid in which all the organelles in a cell are suspended
113
nucleus
organelle that contains the cells chromosomes and cell activites
114
nucleolus
non membrane bounded structure that produces ribosomes
115
ribosome
small non membrane bounded organelle that builds proteins
116
endoplasmic reticulum
organelle that consists of smooth ER, involved in making lipids and steriods, and rough ER, involved in protein production and packaging
117
vesicle
small container made of membrane used for storage and transport in the cell
118
golgi apparatus
organelle that processes proteins made by the ER and packages them for transport
119
vacuole
organelle that acts as a storage compartment in plant cells, large and has multiple functions
120
lysosome
organelle that contains enzymes that digest macromolecules
121
mitochondrion
organelle that is the site of cellular respiration producing ATP for cellular functions
122
chloroplast
organelle of plants and eukaryotic protists in which photosynthesis takes place
123
fluid mosaic model
most current discription of cell membrane, phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and other functions
124
passive transport
movement of substances across cell membranes without use of ATP
125
selectively permeable membrane
thin, film like structure that allows somethings to pass and others not
126
simple diffusion
form of transport across a cell membrane where a substance passes directly through the membrane down the concentration gradient
127
facilitated diffusion
the transport of a substance through proteins in the cell membrane
128
osmosis
diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
129
turgor pressure
internal pressure in plant cells due to water
130
active transport
movement of a substance against the cell membrane and against its concentration gradient, uses ATP
131
endocytosis
process where the cell membrane engulfs material outside the cell to bring it inside the cells
132
exocytosis
process by which a vacuole fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell
133
aerobic respiration
cellular process that uses oxygen to release energy, as ATP, from glucose
134
aerobic respiration and photosynthesis
