Bio Midterm Flashcards
0
Q
Nucleic Acid
A
DNA
1
Q
Immediate source of energy
A
ATP
2
Q
Anaerobic Respiration
A
Fermentation
No oxygen used
No mitochondria
3
Q
Two types of anaerobic respiration
A
Alcohol and Lactic Fermentation
4
Q
What organic molecule is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled reactions during respiration?
A
Glucose
5
Q
Yeast cells carry out
A
Alcohol fermentation
6
Q
Animal and some bacteria carry out
A
Lactic acid fermentation
7
Q
Aerobic respiration
A
Requires the presence of oxygen and enzymes
8
Q
Anaerobic phase
A
Glycololysis
9
Q
Glucose is split into _____
During glycolysis
A
2 Pyruvic acids
10
Q
Aerobic phase
A
Glucose oxidation
11
Q
Glucose oxidation
A
Net gain- 34 ATP
Total- 36 ATP
12
Q
Glucose oxidation takes place in….
A
Mitochondria
13
Q
End products of anaerobic
A
Ethanol or lactic acid ATP
14
Q
End products of aerobic
A
Carbon dioxide and water 34 ATP
15
Q
Freshwater wastes
A
Ammonia
16
Q
Land wastes
A
Urea
17
Q
Egg layer
A
Uric acid
18
Q
Protist cellular wastes diffuse….
A
Through the membrane
CO2, NH3, salts, H2O
19
Q
Hydra wastes
A
Eliminates into water, ammonia
Nephridium
20
Q
Grasshopper wastes
A
Urea, malphigian tubes
21
Q
Lungs
A
Excrete co2 and water vapor from aerobic respiration
22
Q
Liver
A
Produces urea from excess amino acids
23
Q
Skin
A
Excretion of urea, salts, water
24
Kidneys
Maintain homeostasis by regulating water content of the blood
Regulates blood volume
Maintain PH
Removes wastes
25
Kidney filters out
```
Urea
Sugars
Salts
Water
Vitamins
Amino acids
```
26
Kidneys make
Urine
27
What gets absorbed back into the loop of henle-
```
Amino acids
Sugars
Water
Vitamins
Amino acids
```
28
Functions of the lymphatic system-
Return excess fluid to the blood
Absorb fats at villi (lacteals)
Defend against disease
29
Lymph
Fluid
30
Lymph nodes
Contain white blood cells to filter lymph
31
What groups of nodules that purify lymph?
Tonsils
Adenoids
Peyers Patches
32
Spleen
Keeps body fluids in balance
Contains white blood cells/ fight infection
Destroys old and damaged cells
33
Thymus gland
T lymphocytes mature
34
Bone marrow
Produces blood cells / B cells mature
35
Vaccinations
Exposure to harmless version of pathogen
36
Antibodies
Proteins made by B cells that tag invaders in the blood so macrophages can eat them
37
B cells
White blood cells that attack invaders in the blood
38
Memory B cells
Remember invader
39
Acquired immunity
Develops during lifetime
40
Active immunity
Body produces it's own antibodies by getting the disease or getting vaccinated
41
Passive immunity
Temporary
Gamma globulin
Breast feeding
42
T cells mature in the
Thymus
43
Helper T cells
Sounds alarm for the rest of the immune system
44
Killer T cells
Destroys infected body cells
45
Memory T cells
Remembers invader
46
Carbohydrates
Commonly called sugars and starches
Made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1
47
Carbohydrates-
Provide cell with ATP energy
48
Glycogen
Stores sugar in animals
49
Chitin
Exoskeleton of insects
50
Cellulose
Support plant cell wall
51
Starches
Store sugar in plant
52
Glucose
Blood sugar
53
When two monosaccharides combine....
Lose one water
54
Hydrolysis
Splitting of one large molecule into smaller ones by the addition of 1 of 1 or more water molecule
55
Dehydration synthesis
Joining of 2 molecules by the removal of water
56
General equation of hydrolysis
Disaccharide + water yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide
57
Organic molecules contain both....
Carbon and hydrogen
58
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids (fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
59
Inorganic compounds
Water
Carbon dioxide
Salts
60
7 life processes
```
Nutrition
Respiration
Growth
Synthesis
Excretion
Regulation
Reproduction
Transport
```
61
Metabolism
All chemical activities that take place in an organism to keep it alive
62
Golgi bodies
UPS in cells
63
Ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis
| Synthesizes in the nucleus
64
Centrioles
Reproduction of animal cells
65
Lysosomes
Site of digestion of unwanted materials
66
Leucoplasts
Stores starches in plant cells
67
Circulation supplies in....
Gules (sugars) and oxygen
68
Atria
Receive blood
69
Ventricles
Pump blood out
70
Earthworm
Closed system
71
Grasshopper
Open system
72
Circulation to lungs
Blood gets oxygen from lungs
Drops off carbon dioxide to lungs
Brings oxygen rich blood from lungs to heart
73
Circulation to body
Pumps oxygen rich blood to body
Picks up nutrients from digestive system
Collects carbon dioxide and cell wastes
74
Arteries
Away from heart
75
Veins
Blood towards heart
76
Red blood cells
Produced in bone marrow, small round cells, filtered out by liver, transport oxygen in hemoglobin
77
Bolus
Mass of food
78
Chyme
Thin soupy liquid
79
Liver
Deamination
Stores glycogen
Makes bile
80
Heterotrophic
Producers
81
Autotrophic
Consumers
82
Proteins
SHAPE MATTERS
| DO THEIR JOB BECAUSE OF SHAPE
83
Denature
Permanently distorted proteins
84
Catalyst
Lower activation energy
85
Substrates
Reactants
86
Enzyme substrate complex
No chemical bond
87
Coenzymes
Non protein, assists enzyme
88
Factors that affect enzyme activity
Temperature
Enzyme concentration
Substrate
pH
89
Lipids
Fats and oils
Concentrated energy molecules
No definite ratio
90
Lipids are made up of
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
91
Saturated fatty acid
No double bond to a carbon
92
How many amino acids make out all the proteins in living organisms
20
93
Proteins are made up of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
94
Proteins are also made up of
One or more polypeptides combined
95
Proteins pretty much do everything but I need examples so....
```
Structural molecules
Enzymes
Hormones
Toxins
Immunological proteins
```
96
How do the 20 amino acids differ.
The variable groups are different
97
Polypeptide is made of
Amino. Acids
98
Proteins are made up of
Polypeptides
99
Excess protein is stored as
Fat
100
Digestion of a polypeptide
Hydrolysis
