Bio MT1 Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
What is adhesion
A
The clinging of one substance to another
2
Q
Why is water able to absorb or releases large amts of heat with only slight change in its own temp
A
H2Os high specific heat
3
Q
In isomers, why is structure important
A
Structure = function
4
Q
Enatiomers
A
Mirror image isomers
5
Q
Cis-trans isomers
A
Cis isomer: the two molecules are on the same side
Trans isomer: the two molecules are on opposite sides
6
Q
Hydroxyl group
A
—OH, alcohols, polar, can form H-bonds
7
Q
Carbonyl group
A
C=O, found in sugars
8
Q
Carboxyl group
A
OH-C=O, acidic properties
9
Q
Amino group
A
-NH2, acts as a base; picks up an extra H+
10
Q
Sulfhydryl
A
-SH
11
Q
Phosphate group
A
OPO3
12
Q
Methyl
A
-CH3
13
Q
What synthesizes a polymer
A
Dehydration reaction— H2O formed from short polymer and unlinked monomer
14
Q
Hydrolysis
A
Breaks down a polymer— adds water molecule
15
Q
Enzymatic proteins function
A
Selective accelerations of chemical reactions
16
Q
Defensive proteins
A
Protection against disease
17
Q
Storage proteins
A
Store amino acids, ex) antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria
18
Q
Transport proteins
A
Transport of substances ex) hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrae blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes
19
Q
Hormonal proteins
A
Coordination of an organism’s activities
Ex) insulin
20
Q
Receptor proteins
A
Response of cell to chemical stimuli
21
Q
Contractile and motor protins
A
Movement
Ex) motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella; actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles
22
Q
Structural proteins
A
Support
Ex) karat in, collagen, and elastin
23
Q
Building blocks of proteins— monomers
A
Amino acids
24
Q
Why are the 9 essential amino acids essential?
A
You have to ingest them— our bodies can’t make them
25
Polypeptide
Polymer constructed from amino acids— just a chain— not folded yet
26
What is at the N-terminus of an amino acid
Amino group— NH3
27
What is at the C-terminus of an amino acid
Carboxyl group
28
What are amino acids joined by
Peptide bond
29
What is the number of molecules needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer
N-1
30
What is at the beginning of an amino acid chain
N-terminus
31
Primary protein structure
Chain of amino acidsq
32
Secondary protein structure
Hydrogen bonds between amino and carbonyl groups in backbone— alpha helix and beta sheet
33
Tertiary structure of a protein
Interactions between R groups
34
Quaternary structure of a protein
Aggregation of multiple polypeptides
35
What are DNA and RNA monomers called
Nucleotides
36
Nucleotide 3 parts
Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
37
What is the phosphate group in RNA
Ribose
38
39
What is the phosphate group in DNA
Deoxyribose
40
In the 5- carbon sugar, where is the phosphate group bonded and where the nitrogenous base bonded
Phosphate: 5’ carbon
Nitrogenous: 1’ carbon
In the middle is an oxygen
41
What forms the phosphodestier linkages between sugar and phosphate components of backbone
Condensation rxns
42
Where is energy supplied for nucleotide polymerization
Activated nucleotides: (NTPs and dNTPs)
43
Chargaffs rules
Amt of A=T and C=G
44
First person to publish DNA structure (it was wrong)
Linus Pauling
45
Who published paper on DNA structure
Watson and Crick
46
Who took photo of helix DNA
Rosalind Franklin
47
Who showed Watson and Crick Franklin’s helix photo
Maurice Wilkins
48
What are opposite DNA strands held together by
H-bonds
49
Adenine always pairs with _____ in DNA
Thymine
50
Guanine always pairs with ______in DNA
Cytosine
51
Difference between ribose and DNA
Has an extra OH, makes it more unstable
52
What does A bond with in RNA
U
53
RNA is usually ______ stranded
Single
54
RNA functions
Protein synthesis, gene expression, catalyze rxns, genetic material
55
Oligosaccharides
Oligo=few, little
Carbs
56
Most common monosaccharide
Glucose
57
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
58
Most monosaccharides have chemical formulas that are some multiple of what
CH2O
59
Different ways monosaccharides are classified
Location of carbonyl group, length of carbon skeleton, arrangement around asymmetric carbons
60
Disaccharides’ covalent bond
Glycosidic linkage
61
What reaction synthesizes polysaccharides
Dehydration rxn
62
Common disaccharides
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
63
2 general purposes for polysaccharides
Storage and structure
64
Storage polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen
65
Structural polysaccharides
Chitin, peptidoglycan, cellulose
66
What forms the cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
Chitin (is a carb)
67
What makes up the cell wall of bacteria and contains amino acids
Peptidoglycan (is a carb)
68
What is a component of plant cell walls
Cellulose (carb)
69
Main functions of carbohydrates
1. Provide carbon skeletons for more complex molecules
2. Structural support
3. Energy storage (photosynthesis/ Glucose used to make ATP)
70
What is necessary for cell-cell recognition and how the body recognizes foreign invaders
Carbohydrates
71
How do lipids interact with water
Hydrophobic
72
How are steroids characterized
By a carbon skeleton with four fused rings; distinguished by the different chemical groups attached to the rings
73
What is cholesterol
A steroid (a fat)
74
Cholestrerol
Important component of cell membranes, precursor from which other steroids are synthesized such as sex hormones
75
Cholesterol that clogs arteries
LDL
76
Cholesterol that removes the other cholesterol from bloodstream
HDL
77
Fats are not actually a polymer
True
78
What two smaller molecules are fats constructed from
Glycerol and fatty acid
79
How do fatty acids and glycerols attach
Dehydration reaction leads to ester linkage
80
No double bonds — what kind of fat
Saturated fat— saturate with hydrogen
81
One or more double bonds— what kind of fat
Unsaturated fat
82
What causes bending in an unsaturated fat
Cis double bond
83
Types of fats that are solid at room temp
Saturated
84
Types of fats that are liquid at room temp
Unsaturated
85
Trans fat
Unsaturated + hydrogen = straight molecule that is man made— made bc shelf-stable
86
Phospholipids contain waht
Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails (fatty acids)
87
Amphipathic meaning
Has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic partsw
88
What is the plasma membrane made up of
Phospholipids— fatty acids of different lengths and saturation influence membrane permeability
89
Two major types of membrane proteins
Integral and peripheral
90
Protein that spans the membrane with segments both inside and outside the cell, needs to be both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Integral (transmembrane)
91
Protein that is loosely bound to the surface of membrane
Peripheral — often interact with exposed surface of integral proteins
92
Functions of membrane proteins
1. Transport
2. Enzymatic activity
3. Signal transduction
4. Cell-cell regocnition
5. Intercellular joining
6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
93
What can easily make it through the selectively permeable membrane
Small non polar molecules
94
What molecules are impeded by the hydrophobic interior o the membrane
Ions and polar molecules
95
Movemembnt across the membrane that requires no energy
Facilitated diffusion: passive transport
96
Active transport
Requires energy to move molecules
97
Passive transport includes movement of any molecule _______ its concentration gradient
Down
98
Diffusion is a type of
Passive transport
99
Diffusion is spontaneous
True
100
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
101
Isotonic
Environment same as the cell
102
Hypertonic
More solutes in the environment
103
Hypotonic
Less solutes in the environment
104
What helps the diffusion of polar molecules and ions
Transport proteins
105
What do channel proteins do
Provide doorway through membrane
106
What do carrier proteins do
Change shape to shuttle the molecule across the membrane
107
Ion pumps
Used in active transport: need energy: crucial for maintaining the electrochemical gradients and membrane potential for nerve impulses
108
Secondary active transport (cotransport)
Uses the concentration gradient created by an ATP-powered pump to power the transport of a molecule against its own concentration gradient
109
What types of organisms are prokaryotes
Bacteria and archaea
110
Prokaryotes have:
NO defined nucleus (nucleoid)
DO have ribosomes, plasma membrane, organelles
111
What control entry and exit from the nuclear membrane
Nuclear pores
112
What maintains the shape fo the nucleus
Nuclear lamina
113
What does the nucleolus do
Synthesis of rRNA and assembly of ribosome subunits
114
What do ribosomes do
Carry out protein synthesis
115
What are ribosomes made of
RNA and proteins
116
Free ribosomes
Make proteins which will function in the cytosol
117
Bound ribosomes
Make proteins which will be inserted into membranes or secreted
118
Cells with high rates of protein synthesis have a lot of what
Ribosomes
119
Ribosomes are not surrounded by membranes so they are technically not what
Organelles
120
What are in the endomembrane system
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles
121
Where are bound ribosomes bound to
Endoplasmic reticulum
122
What functions does the endomembrane system carry out
Protein synthesis, transport, metabolism, synthesis of lipids, detox of poisons
123
Why is the smooth ER smooth
Lacks ribosomes
124
What is the ER continuous with
Plasma membrane
125
What are the functions of the smooth ER
Lipid processing, storage of calcium ions, detox of drugs and poisons
126
rough ER functions
Proteins destined for secretion, shipped to other organelles or embedded in the membrane
127
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Modifies, stores, and ships proteins
128
Receiving side of golgi apparatus
Cis face
129
Shipping side of Golgi apparatus
Trans face
130
Organelle that is stacks of membranous sacs and not physically connected
Golgi apparatus
131
What are Golgi apparatus products transported by
Vesicles
132
Membranous sac of enzymes that digest macromolecules
Lysosomes
133
Phagocytosis
Engulfing solid particles and breaking them down
134
Autophagy
Recycles the cell’s own organic material, done by lysosomes
135
Lysosomes’ enzymes function best under ______ condition
Acidic
136
What do vacuoles do
Storage: reserves of important organic compounds, poisonous compounds, pigments
+ central vacuole in plants
137
what does the central vacuole in plants do
Stores inorganic ions
Allows cells to grow large without increasing cytoplasm
Help plant remain rigid
138
Peroxisomes
Centers for redox rxns, often produce h2o2, breakdown fatty acids, detoxify alcohol and other toxic cmpds
139
Most likely pathway that will be taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by the cell
Rough ER -> Golgi -> vesicles that will fuse with the plasma membrane
140
Mitochondria is found in what type of cell
Eukaryotic cell
141
Mitochondria membrane
Double membrane: smooth outer membrane and inner membrane has lots of folding, which increases SA
142
Mitochondria contain their own what
DNA and ribosomes
143
Site of cellular respiration
Mitochondria
144
Chloroplasts
Double membrane, contain their own DNA and ribosomes, contain chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis
145
Nuclear transport
Highly regulated, proteins destined for the nucleus have specific amino acid sequence (nuclear localization sequence or nuclear export sequence)
146
ALL protein synthesis starts on ____ ribosomes
Free
147
Proteins meant for endomembrane system or secretion are marked by a what
Signal peptide
148
What escorts the ribosome to the ER membrane
Signal recognition particle
149
Growing polypeptide snakes across membrane into ER what
Lumen
150
Proteins are secreted through what
Exocytosis (bulk transport)
151
Large molecules are brought into the cell through
Endocytosis
152
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking (liquids)
153
Large molecules that are brought into the cell are digested by what
Lysosomes— the building blocks are recycled
154
3 main cytoskeleton fibers
Microtubules, microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments
155
Microfilaments — function
Functions:
Maintenance of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division (cleavage furrow formation)
156
Intermediate filaments - function
Functions:
Maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles,
Formation of nuclear lamina
157
What do nuclear lamina do
Help maintain nucleus shape
158
Smallest cytoskeleton fibers
a microfilaments (7nm)
159
What are microtubuoles made of
Tubulin
160
Function of microtubules
Maintenance of cell shape, cell motility (as in cilia or flagella), chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movement
Think of the little vesicles walking on top of the microtubule
161
What are intermediate filaments made of
Made of fibrous proteins supercooled into thicker cables— several different proteins
162
What are microfilaments made of
Actin— two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits
163
catabolic reactions
breakdown complex molecules and RELEASE energy
164
anabolic reactions
use energy to build complex molecules
165
2nd law of thermodynamics
every energy transformation or transfer increases the entropy of the universe
166
exergonic reaction
reaction is spontaneous: energy is released
167
endergonic reaction
reaction is nonspontaneous, energy is added
168
energy coupling
use of exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions-- usually happens thorugh transfer of electrons or phosphate group
169
oxidation
loss of electrons
170
why does the partial negative charge in a molecule of water occur
the electrons shared between the o and h atoms spend more time around the O atom nucleus than around the H atom nucleus
171
what group plays a major role in energy transfer
phosphate group
172
which of the following is not attached to the central C atom in an amino acid?
carboxyl functional group
oxygen
amino functional group
side chain ("R group")
oxygen
173
what part of an amino acid is always acidic
carboxyl functional group
174
how do polypeptides from amino acids form
a bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid
175
what type of bond joins the monomers in a proteins primary structure
peptide bonds
176
what bonds do the secondary structure of a protein result from
hydrogen bonds
177
what are the tertiary structures of a protein DIRECTLY dependent on
hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, bonds between sulfur atoms, hydrogen bonds
178
what do cells do to activate the nucleotides for incorportation into a polymer and why
add phosphate groups to raise the potential energy of monomers
179
in the 1950s when Watson and Crick were working on their model of DNA, which concepts were well-accepted by the scientific community
1. chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acids
2. genes are located on chromosomes
3. chromosomes are found in the nucleus
180
what did the structure of DNAs double helix suggest about dnas properties
dna can be replecated by making complementary copies of each strand
dna can change. errors in copying can result in changes in the dna sequence that could be inherited by future generations
dna stores genetic info in the sequence of its bases
181
hydroxyl groups in nucleic acid: on 3' or 5' carbon
3'
182
phosphate groups in nucleic acid: on 3' or 5' carbon
5'
183
what do animals store energy in the form of
glycogen
184
most abundant organic cmpd on earth
cellulose
185
glycosidic linkage is analogous to what in proteins
peptide bodn
186
how do polysaccharides vary
monomers vary in orientations of hydroxyl groups, linkages vary widely in location and geometry
187
a function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role
as a component of animal cell membranes
188
the presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be ...
rich in energy (can be oxidized) and insoluble in water
189
heads of triglycerides are derived from what
glycerol
190
in the rxn that builds a fat, ______ groups react with ______ groups
hydroxyl (come from glycerol), carboxyl
191
triglycerides vary with respect to the number of
C atoms in the tails and double bonds in the tails
192
what do DNA< proteins, and fats have in common
they contain carbonyl groups
193
decreasing the saturation of the fatty acid chains on a particular type of phospholipid would result in the formation of what
more fluid bilayers
194
what is composed of DNA and protein
chromatin
195
ribosomal subunits are manufactured by what
nucleolus
196
hollow rods that shape and support the cell
microtubules
197
what are identical in structure to centrioles
basal bodies
198
where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER
mitochondria
199
sacs in chloroplasts
thylakoids
200
fluid that surrounds thylakoids in chloroplasts
stroma
201
what is the function of a bacteriums capsule
protection
202
what are the surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface
fimbriae
203
in eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are what
microtubules
204
many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by ________ wgucg are assembled from a diverse class of proteins
intermediate filaments
205
centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into what
microtubules
206
the extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of what
microfilaments
207
the only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are what
intermediate fibers
208
during muscle contractions, mytosin motor proteins move across tracks of what
microfilaments
209
why does water have a high specific heat
hydrogen bonds
210
an animal lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function
cell-cell recognition
211
______ fatty acids and ____ hydrocarbon chains increase membrane permeability
unsaturated; short
212
which of the following (polysaccharides, RNA, proteins, DNA) have the least structural variety
DNA
213
do plant cells contain mitochondria
yes
