BIO P1 Flashcards by charlie stevenson

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A cell that contains a nucleus

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Name 2 features of a prokaryotic cell

Doesn’t contain a nucleus
Smaller than a eukaryotic cell

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describe 3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and mitochondria
Prokaryotic cells contain plasmids (loop DNA)

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Describe the function of ribosomes

Proteinsynthesis

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Describe the location and function of mitochondria

Found in the cytoplasm, site of aerobic respiration

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Describe 3 differences between plant and animal cells

Plant cells have a permanent vacuole, a cell wall and chloroplasts

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What structures keep plant cells rigid?

Permanent vacuole
Cell wall

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Describe the function of chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis
Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) which absorbs light

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Describe the function of the cell membrane

Controls what substances enter and leave the cell

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Describe an advantage of an electron microscope over a light microscope

It has a higher magnification
It has a higher resolution

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What is a concentration gradient?

A measurement of how a concentration of a substance changes from one place to another

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What is a passive process?

No additional energy is needed
It occurs naturally

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Define the term diffusion

Movement of particles from a higher concentration to a low concentration

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Name the adaptations alveoli has to help diffusion

Large surface area
Moist membranes
Lining is one cell thick
Rich blood supply

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Explain why diffusion in insects is so small

Maximum size of insects is determined by how quickly oxygen can quickly diffuse into their cells

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Define the term osmosis

Water moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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Define the term partially permeable membrane

Only allows substances of a certain size through

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What is meant by isotonic

Two solutions have the same concentrations across a partially permeable membrane so there is no overall movement of water

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What is active transport?

The movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy

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Where does active transport happen in humans

Absorption of sugar by the small intestine after a low carbohydrate meal

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Where does active transport occur in plants

Uptake of minerals by root hair cells

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Describe the role of the small intestine

Absorbs small food molecules

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Describe bile and its 2 functions

Green liquid produced by liver released into small intestine
Emulsifies fats
Neutralises hydrochloric acids from stomach

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Describe two functions of stomach acid

Provides optimum pH for protease enzymes to work
Kills pathogens

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Describe the function of the large intestines

Absorbs water

Describe peristalsis

Rhythmic contracting and relaxing of muscles lining the digestive system

Where is protease produced?

Stomach and pancreas

Where is carbohydrase produced?

Salivary glands and pancreas

Where is lipase produced?

Pancreas

Describe the location of the villi and its function

Lines the small intestine Massively increase surface area of small intestine to increase absorption of food molecules

Describe the role of the vena cava

The blood vessel that carries blood from the body to the heart

Describe the role of the pulmonary artery

Carries blood from the heart to the lungs

Describe the role of the aorta

Blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body

Describe the role of the coronary artery

Carries oxygenated blood to hear muscle cells

Where are the pacemaker cells found?

Right atrium

Why is the heart a double pump?

Right side pumps blood to the lungs and left side of the body pumps blood all around the body

Name the features of arteries

Carries blood from the heart Muscular Carries blood at high pressure

Name the features of veins

Thin Carries blood to the heart One-way valves Carries blood at low pressure

Describe haemoglobin and what it does

Found in red blood cells Binds with oxygen to make oxyhaemoglobin

Describe the adaptations of red blood cells

No nucleus to allow more room for haemoglobin Contains haemoglobin Biconave shape gives a high surface area to volume ratio

Describe the feature of capillaries

Very small, 1 cell thick allows oxygen to diffuse from the blood into cells and allows carbon dioxide to go the other way

Name a process that involves the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes

Gas exchange

Name waste substances in our blood

Urea Carbon dioxide

Name the two types of white blood cell

Phagocytes Lymphocytes

Explain the cause of C(oronary) H(eart) D(isease)

Build up of fatty material inside the coronary arteries narrowing them and preventing blood flowing to the heart

Describe how stents work

Mesh device that keeps the coronary arteries open

Describe how statins work

Drug that reduces the rate at which fatty material is deposited into the coronary arteries

Describe the role of an artificial pacemaker

Creates electrical impulses to ensure a regular heart beat

Describe a benign tumour

A non-cancerous tumour that doesn't spread throughout the body

Describe a malignant tumour

A cancerous tumour that spreads throughout the body

Describe the epidermis and its function

Outer layer of 1 cell thickness that protects against water loss

Describe the location and function of palisade mesophyll

Found under the epidermis Major site of photosynthesis Contains palisade cells densely packed with chloroplasts

Describe the role of the xylem

Allows water to flow from roots to leaves

Describe the meristem and its location

Plant tissue where stem cells are made and growth happens Found in shoot tips and root tips

Describe the location and function of guard cells

Under the surface of the leaf Controls the opening and closing of the stomata

What factors increase the rate of transpiration?

Low humidity High temperature Windy High light intesity

When might the stomata of a plant be open?

During the day Constant evaporation of water pulls up water water is needed in the leaf for photosynthesis

Name a viral disease in humans and plants

Humans- measles, HIV Plants- T(obacco) M(osaic) V(irus)

Name a bacterial disease that is sexually transmitted

Gonorrhoea

State the symptoms of salmonella and how the spread can be prevented

Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps Vaccinating poultry, cooking food thoroughly, preparing food in hygienic conditions

State the first 4 lines of defence

Skin Hairs in nose Cita in airways Stomach acid

Describe the function of phagocytes

Engulfs pathogens non-specific

Describe the function of lymphocytes

Produces antibodies to clump together pathogens Antibodies are specific to the antigen present on the pathogen

Describe antitoxins and their function

Special type of antibody made by lymphocytes that neutralise toxins produced by pathogens

Describe a vaccine

A small amount of a dead or inactive pathogen that is injected into the body

What type of energy change is photosynthesis?

Endothermic

What type of energy is absorbed in photosynthesis?

Light energy

Name the reactants in photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water

Name the products in photosynthesis

Glucose + oxygen

In which cell does photosynthesis mostly happen?

Palisade cell

Explain how water gets into a plant

Osmosis in the root hair cells

Explain how water is transported from the roots to the leaves

Through the xylem vessels by transpiration

Explain how glucose is transported around the plant

Through the phloem tissue by translocation

Name the use of glucose in plants

Respiration Conversion to starch Conversion to oils To make cellulose Use with nitrates to make proteins

What kind of energy change is respiration?

Exothermic

Name the reactants in aerobic respirations

Oxygen + glucose

Name the products in aerobic respiration

Carbon dioxide + water

Name the reactants in anaerobic respiration in animals

Lactic acid

Explain how the body responds to exercise

Deeper breathing Heartbeat increases to deliver oxygen and glucose to the muscles faster

Explain how the body responds to vigorous exercise

Muscles run out of oxygen and begin to respire anaerobically Build up of lactic acid causes the muscle to cramp and fatigue

Why do you keep breathing deeply after vigorous exercise?

You have oxygen debt

Name the products of anaerobic respiration in plants

Carbon dioxide + ethanol

Describe fermentation

Anaerobic respiration by microorganisms such as yeast

Name useful products from fermentation

Alcoholic beverages Bread

BIO P1 Flashcards

(84 cards)