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Bio Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Monomer

A

The smaller units from which larger molecules are made

e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides

e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose

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5
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation of many glucose units held by glycosidic bonds

e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose

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6
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide in plant cell walls formed by the condensation of β-glucose

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7
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide in animals formed by the condensation of α-glucose

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8
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide in plants formed by the condensation of α-glucose contains two polymers - amylose and amylopectin

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9
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

C–O–C link between two sugar molecules formed by a condensation reaction it is a covalent bond

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10
Q

Amylose

A

Polysaccharide in starch made of α-glucose joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds coils to form a helix

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11
Q

Amylopectin

A

Polysaccharide in starch made of α-glucose joined by 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic bonds branched structure

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12
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involves the elimination of a molecule of water

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13
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules involves the use of a water molecule

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14
Q

Fibrils

A

Long, straight chains of β-glucose glucose held together by many hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

Triglyceride

A

Formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids forming 3 ester bonds

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16
Q

Phospholipid

A

Formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and two molecules of fatty acid held by two ester bonds a phosphate group is attached to the glycerol

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17
Q

Induced-fit model

A

The enzyme active site is not initially complementary to the substrate the active site moulds around the substrate this puts tension on bonds lowers the activation energy A molecule that is the same/similar shape as the substrate binds to the active site prevents enzyme-substrate complexes from forming

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18
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme at the allosteric site causing the active site to change shape preventing enzyme-substrate complexes from forming

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19
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme at the allosteric site causing the active site to change shape preventing enzyme-substrate complexes from forming

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20
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids on a polypeptide chain

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21
Q

Secondary structure

A

The folding or coiling to create a β pleated sheet or an α helix held in place by hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The further folding to create a unique 3D shape held in place by hydrogen, ionic and sometimes disulfide bonds

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23
Q

Quaternary structure

A

More than one polypeptide chain in a protein

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24
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond joining amino acids together in proteins C–N link between two amino acid molecules formed by a condensation reaction

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25
What is the effect of temperature on enzyme-controlled reaction
At low temperatures, there is not enough kinetic energy for successful collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At too high a temperature, enzymes denature, the active site changes shape and enzyme- substrate complexes cannot form.
26
What is the effect of pH on enzyme-controlled reaction
Too high or too low a pH will interfere with the charges in the amino acids in the active site. This breaks the ionic and hydrogen bonds holding the tertiary structure in place therefore the active site changes shape and the enzyme denatures Different enzymes have a different optimal pH
27
What is the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme-controlled reaction
At low substrate concentrations, there will be fewer collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At high substrate concentrations, the rate plateaus because all the enzyme active sites are saturated
28
What is the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme-controlled reaction
At low enzyme concentrations, there will be fewer collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At high enzyme concentrations, the rate plateaus because there are more enzymes than the substrate, so many empty active sites.
29
Ester bond
–COO– chemical bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids
30
Hydrophilic
The ability to mix, interact or attract water
31
Hydrophobic
The tendency to repel and not mix with water
32
Glucose
Monosaccharide that exists as two isomers α glucose β glucose
33
Galactose
An example of a monosaccharide that forms lactose
34
Fructose
An example of a monosaccharide that forms sucrose
35
Isomer
Molecules with the same molecular formula
36
What does 'philic' refer to?
The ability to mix, interact or attract water ## Footnote Example: Hydrophilic substances dissolve easily in water.
37
What does 'hydrophobic' mean?
The tendency to repel and not mix with water ## Footnote Example: Hydrophobic molecules cluster together and repel water.
38
What is glucose?
Monosaccharide that exists as two isomers β glucose and α glucose ## Footnote Example: Glucose is a simple sugar used for energy by cells.
39
What is 'Galactose' an example of?
An example of a monosaccharide that forms lactose
40
What is 'Fructose' an example of?
An example of a monosaccharide that forms sucrose
41
What is an 'Isomer'?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
42
What is 'Maltose'?
Disaccharide formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules
43
What is 'Lactose'?
Disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule
44
What is 'Sucrose'?
Disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
45
What is a 'Polypeptide'?
Polymer chain of a protein made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds following condensation reactions
46
What is an 'Amino acid'?
The monomer of a protein formed from C,H,O,N contains a carboxyl group, amine group and an R group
47
What is a 'Carboxyl group'?
COOH group made up of a C with hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (double-bonded O) group bonded to it found in amino acids and fatty acids
48
What is an 'Amine group'?
NH2 group found on amino acids
49
What is the 'R group' on amino acids?
The variable group, the part of each of the 20 amino acids that is different
50
What is an 'α helix'?
A secondary structure in proteins a coiled shape held in place by hydrogen bonds
51
What is a 'β pleated sheet'?
A secondary structure in proteins a folded, pleated shape held in place by hydrogen bonds
52
What are 'Hydrogen bonds'?
Weak bond forms between H and O in many biological molecules e.g. proteins, water, DNA, tRNA
53
What are 'Ionic bonds'?
A bond that forms between the R groups of different amino acids in the tertiary structure of proteins
54
What are 'Disulfide bonds'?
A strong covalent bond between two sulfur atoms in the R groups of different amino acids in the tertiary structure of proteins
55
What is an 'Active site'?
Unique-shaped part of an enzyme that the substrate binds to
56
What is 'Activation energy'?
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur
57
What is an 'Enzyme-substrate complex'?
Forms when an enzyme and substrate collide and bind resulting in a lowered activation energy
58
What does it mean to 'Denature'?
When the active site changes shape so the substrate can no longer bind
59
What is an 'Enzyme-inhibitor complex'?
The structure that forms when an enzyme and inhibitor collide and bind prevents enzyme-substrate complexes from forming
60
What is a 'Saturated fatty acid'?
A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end, only single bonds between carbon atoms
61
What is an 'Unsaturated fatty acid'?
A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end, at least one double bond between carbon atoms
62
What is a 'Polar molecule'?
A molecule that has an uneven distribution of charge
63
What is a 'Phospholipid bilayer'?
Phospholipids have two charged regions, in water, they are positioned so that the heads are exposed to water and the tails are not
64
What is the 'Plasma membrane'?
Phospholipid bilayer cell surface membranes and organelle membranes
65
What are 'Reducing sugars'?
Sugars that can reduce Cu ions in Benedict’s reagent to Cu ions in the form of copper (I) oxide which forms a brick-red precipitate
66
What is the 'Test for reducing sugar'?
Add Benedict's reagent, heat, observe green/yellow/orange/brick red precipitate
67
How does the structure of a triglyceride relate to its function?
Large ratio of energy-storing carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to the number of carbon atoms; a lot of energy is stored in the molecule, high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms they act as a metabolic water source, do not affect water potentials and osmosis, have a relatively low mass
68
How does the structure of a phospholipid relate to its function?
Phospholipids have two charged regions, so they are polar. In water, they are positioned so that the heads are exposed to water and the tails are not. This forms a phospholipid bilayer which makes up the plasma membrane around cells.
69
How does the structure of a triglyceride and phospholipid differ?
A phospholipid has one fewer fatty acid chain which is replaced by a phosphate group
70
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
A saturated fatty acid has no double bonds between carbon atoms where as unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms
71
What are 'Non-reducing sugars'?
A sugar unable to reduce Cu2+, the glycosidic bond must be hydrolysed to expose the reducing group e.g. sucrose. Following a negative Benedict's test boil the sample in acid and then neutralize with alkaline, add Benedict's reagent and heat, observe orange/brick red color
72
What is the 'Test for non-reducing sugar'?
Following a negative Benedict's test, boil the sample in acid and then neutralize with alkaline, add Benedict's reagent and heat, observe orange/brick red color
73
What is the 'Test for starch'?
Add iodine, turns blue
74
What are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms. ## Footnote Example: Palmitic acid
75
What are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. ## Footnote Example: Oleic acid
76
What is a non-reducing sugar?
A non-reducing sugar is a sugar unable to reduce Cu2+. The glycosidic bond must be hydrolysed to expose the reducing group. ## Footnote Example: Sucrose
77
What is the test for non-reducing sugar?
To test for non-reducing sugar, boil the sample in acid, then neutralize with alkaline. Add Benedict's reagent and heat, observe orange/brick red color.
78
What is the test for starch?
To test for starch, add iodine. It turns blue/black.
79
How to test for lipids?
To test for lipids, add ethanol and shake to dissolve, then add water. A white emulsion forms.
80
How to test for protein?
To test for protein, add biuret. It turns purple.
81
What is a nucleotide?
A nucleotide is the monomer of DNA and RNA, containing a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
82
What are the complementary base pairs?
Complementary base pairs align opposite each other and form hydrogen bonds. Adenine pairs with thymine/uracil, guanine pairs with cytosine.
83
What is a polynucleotide?
A polynucleotide is a DNA polymer with many nucleotides joined together via a condensation reaction, joined by phosphodiester bonds.
84
What is the structure of water?
Water is a polar molecule, with the oxygen atom slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms slightly positive.
85
What is the role of ATP synthase?
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi.
86
What is the role of ATP hydrolase?
ATP hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi.
87
What is phosphorylation?
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, making the molecule more reactive/gaining energy.
88
What is a dipeptide?
A dipeptide is two amino acids bonded together by a peptide bond, formed by a condensation reaction.
89
What is the role of hydrogen ions?
Hydrogen ions determine the pH, with more ions indicating more acidic conditions and playing a role in chemiosmosis in respiration and photosynthesis.
90
What is the role of iron ions?
Iron ions are a compound of haemoglobin involved in oxygen transport.
91
What is the role of sodium ions in co-transport?
Sodium ions are involved in co-transport for the absorption of glucose and amino acids in the ileum.
92
What is the role of phosphate ions?
Phosphate ions are a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP, forming phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA between the phosphate group and the pentose sugar.
93
What is co-transport involved in?
Absorption of glucose and amino acids in the ileum Example: Co-transport is involved in the absorption of glucose and amino acids in the ileum.
94
What is the role of phosphate ions?
As a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP ## Footnote Phosphate ions play a crucial role as a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP.
95
What forms the phosphodiester bond in DNA and RNA?
Between the phosphate group and the pentose sugar ## Footnote The phosphodiester bond in DNA and RNA forms between the phosphate group and the pentose sugar.
96
What is the structure of a fatty acid?
It has a carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain ## Footnote Fatty acids consist of a carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain.
97
Can fatty acids be saturated or unsaturated?
Fatty acids can exist in saturated or unsaturated forms.

Bio (2 decks)

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