Bio- Part 1 Flashcards by Kadence Aa

What are 3 points of Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells (multi or single cellular)
-Contain Genetic Information, Metabolism and are capable of reproduction)
-Biogenesis

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What is Biogenesis

Cells produced by other cells through cell division

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What is the theory when living organisms arose from non-living entities

Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis

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Who proved spontaneous generation wrong and what year

Louis Pasteur in 1745

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Cells are made of…

Organelles ( Are NOT living but have a specialized function that contributes to the creation of the cell)

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What is goes between cells and organ systems

Cell, Tissue, Organs, Organ System

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What are unspecialized cells referred to

Stem cells

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What are 3 exceptions to the Cell Theory

1) Viruses ( They contain genetic material but cannot survive outside the host)
2) Striaghted Musscle (Contains multiple nuclei, single membrane)
3) Fungal Hyphae ( Contain multiple nuclei, join together to form continuous cytoplasm)

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Who created the 3-lens system and when

Robert Hooke in 1665
( He created the word “cell”)

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Who created the first microscope and when

Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1595
( Approxemently magnify 20X)

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Who discovered Bacteria and what year

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in early 1670’s

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What is Eukaryotic Cell

Contain membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms.

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What is the Nucleus

Controls all cellular activities
where DNA is stored

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What is Lysosomes

Digest/break down waste and other foreign particles (e.g. viruses & bacteria)

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What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER makes lipids for delivery out of the cell.

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What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER makes proteins for delivery out of the cell (“rough” because it is embedded by ribosomes, which help create proteins)

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What is the Golgi Apparatus/Complex

Flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion.
Receives substances from the ER and packages them for transport out of the cell

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What does DORA stand for

DNA
Organelles
Reproduction
Average size
(Study Slide 36 better)

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What is a Prokaryotic Cell

They don’t have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms.

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What is the Ribosomes

free-floating in cytoplasm
Translates mRNA (modified DNA) from the nucleus into sequences of amino acids
(aka proteins)
Eukaryotes contain “80s” ribosomes

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What is Cell Membrane

Flexible boundary that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell

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What is Cytoplasm

Jelly-like material found throughout the cell in which organelles are suspended

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What is Centrioles

Paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.

What is Mitochondria

Where cellular respiration takes place; provides ATP (energy) for use by the cell

What is the formula for Cellular Respiration

Glucose+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water+ATP

What is Chloroplast

where photosynthesis takes place contain chlorophyll, a green pigment which helps absorb light from the sun

What is Photosynthesis

Energy from the sun transformed into glucose

What is a Cell Wall

the rigid outer portion of the cell provides shape and support explains why plant cells often look “boxy” under the microscope

What is Vacuole

stores water and other substances

What is the Phospholipid Bilayer

The main function is to control the movement of materials in and out of a cell

What is Integral Proteins

Span the lipid bilayer; are permanently embedded.

What does JET RAT stand for

intercellular Joining Enzymic activity Transport (active or passive) cell-cell Recognition Anchorage/ Attachment signal Transduction

What are Peripheral Proteins

Associate with the surface of the membrane; are temporarily attached.

What is Cholesterol

maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane, thereby allowing it to maintain integrity while it changes shape.

What is Selective Transport

only certain substances are allowed to cross the membrane

What is diffusion

solvent moves by a concentration gradient

What is Osmosis

water moves by a concentration gradient

Phospholipids are composed of..

The head is hydrophilic ( water-loving) The tail is hydrophobic ( water-fearing)

What are the 2 current models of cell membrane

Trilaminar Model (Davson & Danielli) 1935 Sandwich like Fluid Mosaic Model(Singer & Nicolson) 1972 Sandwich with protein embedded

What is Dynamic Membrane

Cell membranes contain embedded proteins, which serve to physically transport substances across the membrane and carry out chemical reactions This model of the membrane structure is referred to as the fluid-mosaic model

What is Endocytosis

taken into the cell

Where is the ground layer of the plant

Between the ground and vascular layer

what is Pinocytosis

cell drinking”, is a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain molecules dissolved in fluids

what is Phagocytosis

“cell eating”, is a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain solids

Where is the dermal layer of plant

outer most layer

What is the cuticle of a plant

Waxy film covering the dermal layer

where is the vascular layer

innermost part of the plant

Where does photosynthesis take place

ground layer

Where does transportation take place in the plant

vascular layer

What is tropism

growth of the plant in a specific direction as a result of a particular stimulus.

What is negativerowth of a plant away from a stimulus. tropism

What is positive tropism

growth of a plant towards a stimulus.

What is an isotonic solution

the concentration of the solute and solution is almost the same as normal blood cells)

what is a hypotonic solution (diluted)

the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell compared to inside ( blood cell would expand)

what is a hypertonic (concentration)

the concentration of solute is higher inside the cell compared to outside ( Blood cells would shrivel)

What is facilitated diffusion

involves the transport of substances that cannot cross the membrane by themselves without proteins

What is Exocytosis

Released from the cell