bio pt 2 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Primates are
A
Mammals
2
Q
All Primates share
A
The Same characteristics
3
Q
Kingdom:
A
Animalia – eukaryotes (Contain a nucleus and other organelles)
4
Q
Phylum
A
Chordata – animal with a notochord (Cartilaginous material that lies from head to tail)
5
Q
Subphylum:
A
Vertebrata – craniate with a spinal column (Animals with a skull!)
6
Q
Infraphylum:
A
Gnathostomata – vertebrate with a jaw
7
Q
Superclass:
A
Tetrapoda — gnathostome with four limbs amphibians, reptiles (incl. birds),
mammals
8
Q
Clade
A
Amniota – tetrapod with amniotic egg/membrane (retain fertilized egg
9
Q
Class:
A
Mammalia – amniote with mammary glands & hair
10
Q
Mammalian characteristics:
A
Mammary glands
Hair
Homeothermy
Limbs under the body
Heterodonty
11
Q
Monotreme
A
Most ancestral of all mammals –
means they retained most ancestral
traits
- Egg laying; adults lack teeth; lactate
through skin openings (no nipples)
12
Q
Marsupials
A
Internally gestate and give birth to
underdeveloped young
* Complete growth externally
13
Q
Placental
A
Placenta connects
developing embryo to the uterine wall
14
Q
Phylogeny (phylogenetic tree)
A
a diagram depicting a hypothesis of
evolutionary relationships within a group.
15
Q
Phylogenetics:
A
using molecular techniques (DNA) to reconstruct the
evolutionary relationships of a group.
16
Q
Trait that characterizes all primates, to the exclusion of all other mammals
A
Petrosal bulla, Skeletal encasing of the middle ear, Derived trait, or synapomorphy
17
Q
Primates have increased reliance on
A
Increased reliance on vision
Forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)
* Closed (or partially closed) back of the
orbit
* Presence of a post-orbital bar
* Protects eye from chewing muscles
18
Q
Two Different Primate Vision
A
Binocular vision and stereoscopic vision
19
Q
Binocular vision
A
Overlapping fields of
view throughout most
of our visual range
20
Q
Stereoscopic vision-
A
Allows for depth
perception
21
Q
Trichromatic color vision
A
blues, greens, and reds
22
Q
Trichromatic color vision in
A
apes, Cercopithecidae
monkeys, some platyrrhine monkeys
23
Q
primates have Decreased reliance on
A
decreased reliance on smell
* Reduction of snout length, loss of whiskers, and nasal
structures of the skull, especially in haplorrhines
Reduction in olfactory brain regions
* Loss of rhinarium (moist skin around
nostrils) in haplorrhines
24
Q
Primates have increased
A
Increased brain size relative to body
* More so in anthropoids
* Larger proportion of brain devoted to
cognition, memory, association, etc. (not just
sensory input)
25
Primates are (fingers) and body
Pentadactyly (5 digits)
Clavicle – bony bridge to
the shoulder
26
Primates have highly derived...
Highly derived hands and feet
* Grasping (humans have lost grasping
feet)
Flat nails instead of claws
* Exception: marmosets and tamarins
* Sensitive tactile pads with thin ridges on the tips
of the digits
* Opposable thumbs
27
Ancestral homologies (primate)
Generalized dentition
* Heterodonty
* Less specialized teeth
28
Primates have extended...
Extended life history
* Longer childhood
* Longer intervals
between births
* Fewer offspring
overall
* Parents invest
lots of resources
in kids
29
Primates have ... living
Social living
Learn from group mates:
* One reason for that long
childhood
* Maintain close social bonds
30
Primates two big groups
Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini
31
Strepsirrhini
Lemurs,
Lorises,&
Galagos
32
Strepsirrhines features
Sense of smell is well-developed
Galagos and lorises are nocturnal
Postorbital bar
* Lower jaw (mandible) is not fused
at the midline
33
Strepsirrhine teeth and movement
Tooth comb
* Grooming claw on 2nd digit of hind limb
* Diverse diet and locomotor behaviors
* Mostly small groups (or solitary)
34
Strepsirrhines:
Lemurs
Represent an adaptive radiation
* Very little competition in Madagascar
à ~100 highly varied species and subspecies
* Diurnal and nocturnal, social and
solitary, wide range of sizes, diets,
habitats
35
Strepsirrhines : Lorises
Nocturnal
* Slow, “cryptic” movement
* Relatively small body size
* Solitary
36
Strepsirrhines: Galagos
(bushbabys)
* Nocturnal
* Strong leapers
* Solitary
37
Haplorrhines:
Haplorrhines:
Tarsiers,
Monkeys, Apes
38
Haplorrhines:
Tarsiers,
Monkeys, Apes
Found in Central and South America, Africa,
Asia, Europe
§ Larger relative brain size
§ Longer gestation and maturation
§ Increased social complexity
39
Haplorrhines features
Most are diurnal (Except Tarsiers and owl
monkey)
* Eye lacks a tapetum lucidum
* Reduced olfaction, increased reliance on vision
Full postorbital closure
* Mandible is fused (Except Tarsiers)
40
Haplorrhines:
Tarsiers
* (i.e., Strepsirrhine-like):
* Grooming claw
* Unfused lower jaw
* Nocturnal
* Small social groups
Haplorrhine traits:
* Lack the tapetum lucidum,
rhinarium, and tooth comb
Unique traits:
* Skeletal adaptations for vertical
clinging and leaping
* Large eyes relative to body size
41
Haplorrhines:
Monkey and Ape vocabulary
* Platyrrhine= Monkeys in Central & South America
Catarrhine= Monkeys in Africa & Asia and the Apes
42
* Platyrrhine superfamily
One superfamily:
* Ceboidea
43
Catarrhine superfamily
Cercopithecoidea = African & Asian Monkeys
Hominoidea= Apes
44
Haplorrhines: Monkeys living
Arboreal vs. Terrestrial
45
Terrestrial:
live on the ground
* Usually larger-bodied
* Usually more sexual dimorphism
(males larger than females) and more
male aggression
* Typically, males leave birth groups;
females are core of social groups
46
Arboreal:
live in trees
* Usually smaller-bodied
* Usually less sexual dimorphism
47
Monkeys body type:
Arms and legs roughly same length
* Lack orthograde (upright) posture: arms and legs roughly parallel to
each other
* All are diurnal (except owl monkey, the only nocturnal anthropoid species)
48
Haplorrhines:
Platyrrhines
Flat nosed
* Teeth: have 3 premolars
* Lack trichromatic color vision (except howler
monkey)
* Frugivores (eat fruit) and folivores (eat leaves)
* Arboreal
49
Haplorrhines:
Platyrrhines examples
Cebidae monkeys:
* Capuchins and squirrel
monkeys
Marmosets & tamarins:
Aotidae
50
Other Haplorrhines:
Platyrrhines
Atelidae, and Pithecidae
* Larger body size
* Some with prehensile tails
51
Haplorrhines:
Catarrhines characteristics
Sharp nosed
* Non-prehensile tails
* Teeth: 2 premolars
* All have trichromatic color vision
* Have ischial callosities
52
Haplorhines:
Catarrhines-monkeys
Arboreal and terrestrial
* Highly varied habitats
* Savannah, forests,
* high mountain ranges, semi-desert regions, cities
* Frugivores and folivore
53
Haplorhines:
Catarrhines-monkeys family
One Family –Cercopithecoidea
Two subfamilies:
Cercopithecidae
Colobinae
54
Cercopithecinae monkeys
Have cheek pouches
* Fairly large bodies
* Many are highly sexually
dimorphic
55
Colobine monkeys (leaf eaters)
No cheek pouches
* Complex semi-chambered
stomach
* Digest large quantities of
tough leaves
56
Haplorrhines:
Catarrhine Apes
Hominoid
* Gibbons, siamangs,
gorillas, orangutans,
chimpanzees,
bonobos, and humans
57
Haplorrhines:
Catarrhine Apes found in
Africa and Asia
58
Hominoid
characteristics:
Larger body size
* No tails
* Enlarged brain and
enhanced cognitive
capacities
* Increased period of
infant dependency
59
Other Hominoid
characteristics:
Mostly terrestrial; build nests in
trees to sleep
* Adaptations for suspensory
locomotion
* Long arms, broad chests
* Full rotation of shoulder
joint
* Orthograde (upright) posture
60
Haplorrhines:
Catarrhines
Gibbons/Siamangs
Live in SE Asian forests
* Smallest apes ~Lesser apes
* ~ 3 ft tall, 12-25 kg
* Low sexual dimorphism
* Male-female pair bonding, small groups
* Socially monogamous
61
Haplorrhines: Catarrhines
Orangutans
Tend to be solitary
Large bodies
* Adult males ~200 lbs.
* Pronounced sexual
dimorphism
* Mostly arboreal
* Rain forest habitat
* Eat fruit, bark, leaves,
insects
* Suspensory locomotion
62
Haplorrhines
Catarrhines:
Gorillas
Very large bodies
* Adult males ~6 feet tall, 400 lbs.
* High sexual dimorphism
* Folivores: eat LOTS of leaves
63
Haplorrhines
Catarrhines:
Gorillas living like:
Groups of 20-30 individuals
* One dominant male, several
females and young, a few
subordinate males
* Some male-male aggression
* Rain forest habitat
64
Haplorrhines Catarrhines:
Chimpanzees
Eat fruit, leaves, birds’ eggs,
insects
* Males occasionally hunt in
groups for monkeys
* Often use tools to get food
* Human-like body size
* Some sexual dimorphism
65
Haplorrhines:
Catarrhine
Chimpanzee familiar groups
Multi-male/multi-female groups, MALE bonding
§ Female chimps and bonobos leave home group, rather
than males
§ Adult females are unrelated
§ à Lots of aggression
66
Haplorhines
Catarrhines:
Bonobos
Diet like chimps, except…
* More vegetation
* No observed hunting
Slightly smaller, more slender
than chimps
67
Haplorrhines
Catarrhines: Bonobos familiar groups
Multi-male/multi-female groups, FEMALE
bonding
* Females bond even though they are unrelated
* Use sex to avoid conflict
* Male-female, female-female, male-male,
old and young…
68
Haplorhines
Catarrhines:
African great apes
Gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos are
knuckle walkers
* Put their weight on the knuckles of
their hands
69
Haplorhines: Catarrhines are also....
Humans
70
Quadrupedalism
Hind limbs and forelimbs are of near equal length
* Arboreal species have long tails to aid in balance on top of
branches
* Shoulder blade positioned to the side of the ribcage, and restrict
movement at the shoulder
* Long, flexible lower back
71
primates use their hands to
Vertical Clinging
and Leaping
Long powerful
hindlimbs
* Long flexible back
* Long fingers for
grasping supports when
they land
72
Suspensory
Locomotion
Short hindlimbs, elongated forelimbs
* Mobile shoulder joint
* Shoulder blade located on back
* Long and curved fingers for grasping
branches
73
Brachiation
Specialized form of
suspensory locomotion
performed by gibbons
and siamangs
74
Knuckle Walking
Wrist joints stabilized
* Form of quadrupedalism practiced by great apes
Put their weight on the knuckles of
their hands
75
Primate Dental Formula
Heterodont teeth = different forms
* Anterior teeth involved with ingestion and facilitate transfer of food
from outside to the oral cavity
* Breakdown of food is done by premolars and molars – processing teeth
76
Primate Diets
Primate diets must satisfy energy requirements, provide
specific types of nutrients.
* Amino acids and proteins
* Fats and oils
* Carbohydrates
* Vitamins, minerals, and elements
Primate diets must also minimize exposure to toxins
(secondary compounds).
* Toxins are often concentrated in mature leaves and seeds.
* Young leaves, fruits and flowers tend to have lower
concentrations of toxins
77
Primate diets (foods)
Flowers/nectar
* Like fruit, patchy in time and space
* Leaves and stems (Folivory)
* High protein, low carbs
* Abundant but harder to digest
* Exudates – gum and sap (Gumnivory)
* Requires specialized feeding adaptations
78
primate types of diet
* Frugivore
* Folivore
* Insectivore
* Gummivore
79
Insectivores
tend to be smaller in
body size
* Smaller animals have relatively
higher energy requirements and
eat small amounts of high-quality
foods.
80
Folivores
tend to be larger in body
size.
* Can afford to eat large quantities
of lower quality foods.
Folivores tend to have smaller home
ranges than frugivores.
81
Why is diet
important?
Dietary patterns influence:
* Group size
* Social dynamics/organization
* Ranging patterns/Activity patterns
* Body size
* Gut and tooth morphology
* Locomotion
* Life history
* Brain size
* Much more…
82
Foraging
strategies
Day Range
Home Range
Core Area
Territory
83
Day Range
Area used by a group of animals on any
single day
84
Home Range
Total area used by a given group of animals
throughout their lives. Sum of all day
ranges.
85
Core Area
Most intensively used area of the home
range
86
Territory
Actively defended home range/core area, no
overlap of adjacent home ranges
87
Why do
primates live in
groups?
Enhanced access to
resources
– Reduced vulnerability to
predation
88
Resource Defense Model
Primates live in groups
because groups are more
successful in defending
access to resources than
lone individuals
89
