Bio Quiz 1 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What are the two kingdoms of bacteria?
A
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
2
Q
Coccus
A
Round cell shape
3
Q
Bacillus
A
Rod cell shape
4
Q
Spirillum
A
Spiral cell shape
5
Q
Name the characteristics of bacteria. (6)
A
Abundant, diverse, single-celled, organelles not surrounded by membranes, single chromosome=DNA, reproduce asexually by binary fission.
6
Q
How big are bacteria?
A
10 times smaller than a typical eukaryotic cell.
7
Q
What is the typical structure of bacteria? (5)
A
a cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA in a single strand that forms a ring, flagella (sometimes).
8
Q
How are bacteria classified? (4)
A
By shape, reaction to being stained, nutrition, respiration.
9
Q
What are the different versions of cocci?
A
Monococci (live on their own), diplococci (pairs), streptococci (linear chains), staphylococci (grape-like structure).
10
Q
What are the different versions of bacilli?
A
Monobacilli (single), diplobacilli (paired), streptobacilli (chained).
11
Q
What are the different ways spiral can exist?
A
They can only exist as single cells.
12
Q
What is a gram stain test?
A
The classification of bacteria based on the reaction to a dye (crystal violet iodine).
13
Q
What does it mean if a cell keeps the dye.
A
It is gram positive–they are generally more common and not as harmful or pathogenic.
14
Q
What does it mean if a cell appears light pink?
A
It is gram negative–less common and more harmful and pathogenic.
15
Q
Why do some cells retain the dye?
A
They have a different cell wall structure. Gram positives don’t have an outer membrane. Gram negatives do.
16
Q
How do most eubacteria get their energy?
A
By breaking down organic molecules in their environment. Doing this makes them heterotrophs.
17
Q
What does it mean to be an autotroph?
A
They make their own organic compounds. Only some eubacteria are autotrophs.
18
Q
What are the two types of autotrophs?
A
Photoautotrophs (use sunlight as their energy source) and Chemoautotrophs (use energy from chemical reactions as their energy source).
19
Q
What is cyanobacteria?
A
A IMPORTANT group of blue-green bacteria in the group of photoautotrophs. They are photosynthetic and can use sunlight to make their own food, but lack chloroplasts.
20
Q
Where are cyanobacteria commonly found?
A
Freshwater lakes and ponds. They can also be found in salt water, soil, snow, volcanoes, and rocks.
21
Q
What is a bloom?
A
A sudden increase in population which indicates that the water is polluted with nitrates and phosphates from agricultural runoff.
22
Q
How are lichens formed?
A
When species of cyanobacteria live symbiotically with fungi.
23
Q
Where do heterotroph bacteria live?
A
Everywhere.
24
Q
What are the three types of heterotrophs?
A
Chemoheterotrophs (most), parasite (absorb nutrients from other species), and saprobes (decompose dead matter).
25
Where does cellular respiration occur in bacteria?
Within the inner folds of the membrane of the bacteria.
26
What is it called: bacteria that need oxygen to live?
Aerobes or obligate aerobes if oxygen is absolutely necessary for survival.
27
What is it called: bacteria that do not need oxygen to live?
Anaerobes or obligate anaerobes if the presence of oxygen kills bacteria.
28
How do all bacteria reproduce?
Asexually by binary fission.
29
Explain binary fission.
1. Replicate genetic material. 2. Divides into 2 equal-sized daughter cells.
30
How often can bacteria divide?
Every 15-20 minutes.
31
What 3 things must be present in order for bacteria to divide?
Food, warmth, and space.
32
How is mutation rate affected?
By fast reproduction rate. If successful, mutations can evolve if successful.
33
What is the smaller ring of DNA called?
Plasmid: it contains fewer genes than the chromosome and is not vital.
34
Explain conjugation (sexual reproduction).
1. Two bacteria connect with a protein bridge. 2. The plasmid of one is transferred to the other. 3. The bacterium that receives it becomes more able to adapt to worsening environmental conditions.
35
When is conjugation used?
When conditions for survival are not ideal.
36
When do spores form?
When growth conditions become extremely unfavourable.
37
What are spores?
Structures formed by gram-positive bacteria.
38
What is an endosphere?
A type of spore made when the bacterium makes a thick wall surrounding its DNA and cytoplasm.
39
Explain transformation.
1. Cell picks up loose, free-flating DNA fragments from their surroundings. 2. Incorporates these DNA fragments into their own.
40
Explain Horizontal gene transfer.
1. Cell picks up new DNA from a different species. 2. Incorporates this DNA into its own.
41
What are the oldest organisms living on earth?
Bacteria.
42
What is the oldest group of organisms on Earth?
Archaebacteria.
43
What do archaebacteria ressemble?
Primitive clusters of molecules. They have no organelles.
44
What are all life kingdoms descended from?
The ancestors of archaebacteria.
45
What is the structure of archaebacteria?
Cell wall, cell membrane. They offer protection but are made of different chemicals than eubacteria.
46
How different are eubacteria and archaebacteria?
More than half their genes are different from eubacteria.
47
How are archaebacteria grouped?
Into several phyla based on their habitats.
48
What are anaerobic methanogens?
Archaebacteria that live in oxygen-free places such as the gut of animals that **produce methane gas**, at the bottom of marshes and swamps, on the ocean floor near the deep sea vents.
49
What are halophiles?
Archaebacteria, salt-loving, found in salt lakes (dead sea).
50
What are thermophiles?
Archaebacteria, heat-loving, live in hot and acidic environments (hot springs).
51
What are psychophiles?
Archaebacteria, cold-loving, live in cold climates (Antarctica, Arctic, cold springs).
52
What kingdom makes up most of the prokaryotes on Earth?
Kingdom eubacteria.
53
What are the 6 phylogenetic groups of eubacteria?
-spirochates -chlamydias -gram-positive bacteria -cyanobacteria -proteobacteria
54
What is different between the phylogenetic groups of eubacteria?
Nutritional patterns, gas exchange methods, reactions to gram-stain.
55
What is an ecosystem?
A community of organisms living together in a given area.
56
What does survival of bacteria depend on?
The availability of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen.
57
What is nitrogen fixation?
Very little nitrogen from the air can be used, and must be converted into a useful form.
58
What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria and where is it found?
Microorganisms capable of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into fixed nitrogen (inorganic compounds usable by plants). They are found in the soil or the roots of legumes.
59
What are nitrates?
Nitrogen that plants can use to grow. Converted from the nitrogen in the air.
60
Explain the nitrogen cycle.
Step 1- Nitrogen Fixation- Special bacteria convert the nitrogen gas (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3) which the plants can use. Step 2- Nitrification- Nitrification is the process which converts the ammonia into nitrite ions which the plants can take in as nutrients. Step 3- Ammonification- After all of the living organisms have used the nitrogen, decomposer bacteria convert the nitrogen-rich waste compounds into simpler ones. Step 4- Denitrification- Denitrification is the final step in which other bacteria convert the simple nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas (N2 ), which is then released back into the atmosphere to begin the cycle again.
61
What makes something living?
1. Composed of cells.
2. Organization.
3. Use of energy.
4. Homeostasis.
5. Growth.
6. Reproduction.
7. Response to stimuli.
8. Evolutionary adaptation.
62
Name the taxonomic groups.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
63
What are the 6 species interactions?
1. Food supply
2. Protection
3. Transportation
4. Reproduction
5. Hygiene
6. Digestion.
64
Give an example of a species interaction for food supply.
A boneworm that feeds on dead whale bones.
65
Give an example of a species interaction for protection.
Hermit crabs that use dead snail shells for their house.
66
Give an example of a species interaction for transportation.
Burrs hook on to animals (dogs) to disperse their seeds.
67
Give an example of a species interaction for reproduction.
Birds build their nests in the tree cavities made by wood peckers.
68
Give an example of a species interaction for hygiene.
Large fish have their external parasites removed by smaller fish and shrimp (in coral reefs).
69
Give an example of a species interaction for digestion.
Bacteria in the termite's gut help wood digestion.
70
How do antibiotics work?
Kill bacteria. If overuse or ineffective use occurs the bacteria becomes resisitant to the drugs.
71
What are the four ways in which bacteria divide?
Binary fission, conjugation, horizontal gene transfer, transformation.
72
What is biological classification?
THe systematic grouping of organisms into biological categories based on physical and evolutionary characteristics.
73
What is taxonomy?
The science of identifying and classifying all organisms.
74
Why do we use taxonomy?
Because identifying species (morphology, behaviour, location) can be difficult. Taxonomy allows us to see their relationships and identify/determine the characteristics of interest.
75
What is a dichotomous key?
A series of branching 2 part statements used to identify organisms.
76
Why can making dichotomous keys be a challenge?
It can be difficult to know which features to involve in the key and being able to observe those features.
77
What is a species?
Organisms capacle of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions.
78
What is biodiversity?
The number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth.
79
What is morphology?
The physical characteristics of an organism.
80
Why are SUB-species produced?
When a species is sperated over space and time, the organisms evolve. These physical and behavioural changes that occur to an entire population are effects of **EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE**.
81
Give an example of a sub-species.
Wolves and dogs. Dogs located in some places (with worse conditions) evolved to their environment and became wolves.
82
What is structural diversity?
The range of physcial shapes and sizes WITHIN A HABITAT.
83
Why is structural diversity important?
Because it creates microhabitats (like a room in a house) that all have different abiotic conditions.
84
How does structural diversity affect other things?
greater STRUCTURAL diversity--greater SPECIES diversity--greater BIOdiversity!
85
What effects does the current rapid loss of biodiversity have?
1. Threatens our food supply (loss of plant/meat species).
2. Eliminates sources of natural medicine and new cures.
3. Habitat destruction--bad for tourism and forestry.
4. Disrupts biogeochemical cycles (carbon uptake).
86
What is a clade?
A taxonomic group of single ancestor species and its dedscendants.
87
Give an example of a clade.
Primates. They all are descended from one common ancestor.
88
What are the three domains of life?
Eubacteria, Archae, Eukaryotes.
89
What is a virus?
A non-cellular particle of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, which lives as a parasite within a host cell.
90
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA molecule formed when a biologist splices and combines portions of DNA from two different sources.
91
What is restriction enzyme?
A bacterial enzyme that cuts up foreign DNA; used in genetic engineering to create recombinant DNA.
92
What is genetic engineering?
Techniques that scientists use to alter the DNA of an organism.
93
What is lysis?
The bursting of a host cell infected by a replicating virus.
94
What is RNA?
Nucleic acid made of a single strand of nucleotides; involved in protein synthesis.
95
What is binary fission?
Division of an organism into two identical individuals through a type of asexual reproduction.
96
What is a plasmid?
A small ring of DNA in a bacterium; often used in genetic recombination.
97
What is a methanogen?
A bacterium that releases methane gas.
98
99
What is a prokaryote?
A **single-celled** organism that lacks a **membrane-enclosed nucleus** and **membrane-enclosed organelles**.
100
What is a bacterium?
**Single-celled prokaryote** that belongs to the kingdom Archaebacteria or the kingdom Eubacteria.
101
What is conjugation?
Transfer of DNA between two bacterial or protist cells that unite in a type of sexual reproduction.
102
What is an endosphere?
**A thick wall** produced in some **bacteria** in unfavourable conditions to enclose its DNA and cytoplasm.
103
What is DNA?
Nucleic acid, that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next. Encoded with instructions to produce proteins
104
What is artificial selection?
Breeding of animals with certain characteristics to create offspring with those same characteristics.
105
What is binomial nomenclature?
The classification system that assigns a two-part Latin name of genus and species to an organism.
106
What is a homologous structure?
Structures of different organisms that are similar in form but may be used for different purposes.
107
What is natural selection?
Difference in the survival or reproduction among individuals in a population based on how well their traits suit them.
108
Who created the theory of natural selection?
Charles Darwin.
109
What are the four assumptions of natural selection?
1. All individuals in a species display a **range of characteristics** in appearance and behaviour.
2. The **number of offspring** produced is greated that the number of offspring that will survive to adulthood.
3. Some offspring are **better able to adapt** to their environment than others.
4. The better-adapted **pass on their characteristics** to their offspring and the population changes.
110
How can natural selection cause species to go extinct?
If none of the individuals in a species can adapt to changing conditions.
111
What is the biosphere?
The part of the Earth that is inhabited by living organisms.
112
How many kinds of living organisms have we described?
**1.75** million out of **30-100** million.
113
What is a bacteriophage?
A type of virus that destroys bacteria
114
How do virus reproduce?
By using its host
115
Explain how viruses reproduce.
1. attachment
2. Insertion (of bacteriophage's genetics)
3 Synthesis (replication of genes with bacterium)
4. assembling of bacteriophage (protein and genetic)
5. release of virus, host cell dies
116
What is the lytic cycle?
The death of the host cell to replicate the virus.
117
What is the lysogenic cycle?
The virus gene being **replicated** silently with the host.
118
Why can't viruses be killed using antibiotics?
Because they are not alive.
119
What are vaccines?
Preparations of dead or weakened viruses. Your body learns how to fight the virus so when it encounters the full strength virus it can destroy it.
120
What is the flu shot a vaccine for?
The influenza virus.
121
What is a vector?
How the virus is transmitted. (mosquitoes, bacteria).
122
When can vectors be important?
For using viruses in gene therapy.
123
What is the host range?
The range of things a virus can affect.
124
WHat is a capsid?
The protective protein coat of a virus.
125
Name 4 diseases caused by viruses.
1. West Nile virus
2. Tobaco mosaic virus
3. Aids
4. HIV
126
What are the 3 ways we put bacteria to work?
1. Waste management. (neutralize toxic compounds).
2. Sewage treatment. (decompose organic matter).
3. Dairy foods. (safe production).
127
What does pathogenic bacteria do?
Produce **toxins** that cause **disease** symptoms.
128
Name 5 diseases caused by bacteria.
1. Tetanus.
2. Pneumonia.
3. Tuberculosis
4. Menningitis.
5. Botulism.
129
What are the two types of toxins?
Endotoxins and Exotoxins.
130
What is an endotoxin?
a toxin released when negative bacteria split. **SELDOM FATAL (fever, vomiting, diarrhea)**
131
What is an exotoxin?
a toxin released by living, multiplying bacteria throughout the body. **HIGHLY TOXIC, OFTEN FATAL.**
132
What do the consequences of an infection depend on?
The invasiveness and toxicity of the pathogen.
133
Explain the carbon cycle.
1. **Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide** from respiration and combustion.
2. **Carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants** to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis.
3. **Animals feed on the plant** passing the carbon compounds along the food chain. They eventually die.
4. **The dead organisms are eaten by decomposers** and the carbon in their bodies is returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
134
