bio quiz 4/9

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

study of genes

Question 2

Allele

Answer 2

variation of a gene

Question 3

Dominant

Answer 3

trait or allele that masks the expression of another, recessive allele (DD or Dd)

Question 4

Recessive

Answer 4

a trait that is expressed only when genotype is homozygous

Question 5

Homozygous

Answer 5

two identical alleles

Question 6

Heterozygous

Answer 6

two different versions of a gene

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

genetic makeup of an organism, or the combination of genes it inherits from its parents

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment (physical traits)

Question 9

Carrier

Answer 9

individual who possesses a genetic variant (allele) associated with a disease or trait, but doesn’t exhibit symptoms of that condition, and can pass the allele to their offspring

Question 10

Pedigree

Answer 10

diagram that visually represents the inheritance of a specific trait or disorder through generations of a family, using standardized symbols to denote individuals and their relationships

Question 11

Incomplete dominance

Answer 11

neither allele for a trait is fully dominant, resulting in a heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of both homozygous phenotypes EX: pink flowers from red and white flowers

Question 12

Codominance

Answer 12

both alleles of a gene are expressed in a heterozygous individual, resulting in both traits being visible or expressed simultaneously, rather than one masking the other

Question 13

Multiple Alleles

Answer 13

gene having more than two alternative forms (alleles) within a population

Question 14

Sex chromosome

Answer 14

a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism

Question 15

Autosome

Answer 15

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Question 16

Sex-linked trait

Answer 16

characteristic determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y), resulting in potentially different inheritance patterns in males and females

Question 17

Polygenic trait

Answer 17

characteristics influenced by multiple genes, rather than a single gene, and often exhibit continuous variation

Question 18

Gregor Mendel-who was he? What did he study? How?

Answer 18

Austrian Biologist, “father of modern genetics”, studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants, bred pea plants and observed the pattern of inheritance

Question 19

Monohybrid crosses

Answer 19

genetic cross that examines the inheritance of a single trait

Question 20

Who is Gregor Mendel?

Answer 20

Father of genetics

Question 21

What did Gregor Mendel study and conclude about traits?

Answer 21

Mendel studied and breed pea plants to find out about the patterns of inheritance, and he concluded that traits are inherited as discrete units (now known as genes) that come in pairs, one from each parent, and that these traits can be dominant or recessive

Question 22

What is probability?

Answer 22

extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case

Question 23

What is codominance?

Answer 23

situation where both alleles of a gene are expressed in a heterozygous individual, resulting in both traits being visible or expressed simultaneously, rather than one masking the other

Question 24

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 24

neither allele for a trait is fully dominant, resulting in a heterozygous phenotype that is a blend or intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

Question 25

What are examples of polygenic inheritance?

Answer 25

skin color, height, eye color, and even complex conditions like diabetes and heart disease

Question 26

What does multiple alleles mean and what is an example?

Answer 26

many different versions of a trait that exist within a population, ABO blood type system in humans is an example

Question 27

What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?

Answer 27

dominant trait is expressed even if only one copy of the allele is present, while a recessive trait is only expressed when two copies of the allele are present

Question 28

What is the purpose of a punnett square?

Answer 28

predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring resulting from a genetic cross by visualizing the combinations of parental alleles

Question 29

What is a pedigree?

Answer 29

Family tree, shows generational inheritance of traits and family relationships

Question 30

What is the purpose of a pedigree?

Answer 30

helping to understand how traits are passed down through generations and identify potential genetic patterns

Question 31

What are sex-linked traits?

Answer 31

characteristic determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y), resulting in potentially different inheritance patterns in males and females

Question 32

Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than in females?

Answer 32

they only have one X chromosome, meaning a single recessive allele on that chromosome will be expressed, whereas females, with two X chromosomes, may have a dominant allele on the other chromosome to mask the recessive one

Question 33

What is an allele?

Answer 33

Variation of a gene

Question 34

What does homozygous and heterozygous mean?

Answer 34

"homozygous" refers to having two identical alleles (versions) of a gene, while "heterozygous" means having two different alleles for the same gene

Question 35

What is the difference between pure and hybrid?

Answer 35

"pure" refers to something that is unmixed or undiluted, while "hybrid" describes something that is a combination of two or more different things