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1
Q

Where does processing of information occur

in the nervous system?

A

Each of the major areas of the brain-the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem-are responsible for processing and relaying information.

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2
Q

The brain is constantly changed by

A

By its interactions with the environment

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3
Q

Many of these new cells originate in regions

associated with learning and memory.

A

True

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4
Q

What is the main link between the brain and the rets of the body?

A

Spinal cord

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5
Q

The spinal cord carries ________ at______?

A

Carries thousands of signals at once between the central and

peripheral nervous systems.

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6
Q

______pairs of spinal nerves branch
out from the spinal cord, connecting the brain to different parts of
the body.

A

31

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7
Q

Certain kinds of information, including many reflexes, are

processed directly in the ______.

A

Spinal cord

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8
Q

Reflex is

A

is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus
Ex: The way in which you pull your hand back
quickly when pricked by a pin is an example of a reflex.

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9
Q

The largest region of the human brain is the

A

Cerebrum

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10
Q

The cerebrum is responsible for

A

the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the

body. It is also the site of intelligence, learning, and judgment.

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11
Q

What are the hemispheres of the brain connected with?

A

The hemispheres are connected by a band of tissue

called the corpus callosum.

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12
Q

Each hemisphere deals with?

A

each hemisphere deals mainly with the opposite side of the body. Sensations from the left side of the body go to the right hemisphere, and those from the right side go to the left hemisphere.

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13
Q

hemisphere is divided into

regions called

A

Lobes

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14
Q

The cerebrum consists of

A

2 layers.
The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex

inner layer of the cerebrum is known as white
matter.

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15
Q

Cerebral cortex consisted of

A

consists of

densely packed nerve cell bodies known as gray matter.

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16
Q

The cerebral cortex processes

A

The cerebral cortex processes information from the sense organs and controls body movements. It is also where thoughts, plans, and learning abilities are

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17
Q

Folds and grooves on the outer surface of the cerebral cortex….

A

Greatly increase its surface area.

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18
Q

White matter color comes from

A

Its whitish color comes from bundles of axons with myelin
sheaths. These axons may connect different areas of the cerebral
cortex, or they may connect the cerebrum to other areas of the
brain such as the brain stem.

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19
Q

A number of important functions have been linked to the many structures that make up the limbic system including

A

emotion, behavior, and memory.

The limbic system is also associated with the brain’s pleasure center, a region that produces feelings of satisfaction and well-being.

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20
Q

(Example of limbic system) a region deep within the brain called the amygdala has been associated with

A

learning, including fear and anxiety, as well as

the formation of long-term memories.

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21
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus are found?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus are found between the

brain stem and the cerebrum.

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22
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

The thalamus receives mes-
sages from sensory receptors throughout the body and then
relays the information to the proper region of the cere-
brum for further processing.

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23
Q

Wha does he hypothalamus do?

A

It’s just below the thalamus.The hypothalamus is the control center for
recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger,
and body temperature. The hypothalamus also helps to
coordinate the nervous and endocrine systems.

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24
Q

The second largest region of the brain is the

A

Cerebellum

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25
What kind of info does the cerebellum receive?
cerebellum. Information about muscle and joint position, as well as other sensory inputs, are sent to the cerebellum. Although the commands to move muscles come from the cerebral cortex, sensory information allows the cerebellum to coordinate and balance the actions of these muscles. This enables the body to move gracefully and efficiently.
26
When u learn a new sport what part of the brain learns the movements?
it is the cerebellum that | actually learns the movements and coordinates
27
The brain stem connects?
Brain and spinal cord
28
The brain stem includes 3 regions?
1. Midbrain 2. pons 3. Medulla oblongata
29
What are some of the body's most important functions controlled by the brain stem?
regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing The brain stem does the work of keeping the body functioning even when you have lost consciousness due to sleep or injury.
30
How do drugs change the brain and lead to addiction?
The brain reacts to excessive dopamine levels by reducing the number of receptors for the neurotransmitter. As a result, normal activities no longer produce the sensations of pleasure they once did.
31
Drugs affect the brain’s ?
Synapses
32
Methamphetamine affect on synapse
Methamphetamine releases a flood of dopamine, producing an instant “high”
33
Cocaine affect on synapse
Cocaine keeps dopamine in the synaptic region longer, intensi- fying pleasure and suppressing pain.
34
Heroin affect on synapse
Drugs made from opium pop- pies, like heroin, stimulate receptors elsewhere in the brain that lead to dopamine release.
35
Nicotine affect on brain
Nicotine, the addictive substance in tobacco, and alcohol, the most widely abused drug in the United States, also cause increased release of dopamine.
36
How does the central nervous system receive | sensory information?
the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system | transmits impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system
37
the peripheral nervous system consists of
sensory division and the motor | division.
38
The motor division transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the
Muscles and glands
39
Sensory receptors are cells that transmit information about | changes in the
Environment- external and internal
40
Sensory receptors can be categorized by the
type of stimuli to which they respond.
41
Chemoreceptors
Respond to chemicals | Located: mouth, nose, blood vessels
42
Photoreceptors
Respond to light | Located in eyes
43
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to: touch, pressure, vibrations, and stretch | Located: skin, hair, ears, tendons, ligaments
44
Thermoreceptors
Responds to temp changes | Located in skin, hypothalamus
45
Pain receptors
Respond to tissue injury | Found throughout the body
46
How do muscles and glands receive commands from | the central nervous system?
The motor division of the peripheral nervous system transmits impulses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
47
Somatic Nervous System
The somatic nervous system regulates body activities that are under conscious control, such as the movement of skeletal muscles.
48
Autonomic NS
The autonomic nervous system | regulates activities that are involuntary,
49
Examples of autonomic NS
When u run, it speeds up your heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal muscles
50
2 parts of the autonomic NS
the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic | nervous system.
51
the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have _______ effects on each organ they influence.
Opposite, road, the two systems produce a level of fine control that coordinates organs throughout the body.
52
Example of autonomic and sympathetic NS working together
example, heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system but decreased by the parasympathetic nervous system. In general, the sympathetic system prepares the body for intense activity. In contrast, the parasympathetic system causes what might be called the "rest and digest" response.
53
How does the body sense touch, temperature, and pain?
Different sensory | receptors in the body respond to touch, temperature, and pain.
54
Human skin contains at least____ types of sensory recep- | tors,
7
55
Why does the patient stay awake during brain surgery?
The brain doesn’t have pain receptors
56
How are the senses of smell and taste similar?
… Sensations of smell and taste are both | the result of impulses sent to the brain by chemoreceptors.
57
How do the ears and brain process sounds and maintain balance?
Mechanoreceptors found in parts of the ear transmit impulses to the brain. The brain translates the impulses into sound and information about balance.
58
The ears are the sensory organs that can distinguish | both the _______ of those vibrations.
Pitch and loudness
59
What balances the body in the ear?
The semicircular canals and the two tiny sacs located behind them monitor the position of your body, especially your head, in relation to gravity.
60
How do the eyes and brain produce vision?
Vision occurs when photoreceptors in the eyes transmit impulses to the brain, which translates these impulses into images.
61
Size of pupil in light
dim light, the pupil becomes larger and more light enters the eye. In bright light, the pupil becomes smaller and less light enters the eye.
62
are two types of | photoreceptors:
Rods and cones
63
Rods vs cones
Rods are extremely sensitive to light, but they do not distinguish different colors. They only allow us to see black and white. Cones are less sensitive than rods, but they do respond to different colors, producing color vision.
64
Process of voluntary movements
1- Impulses originating in the brain are carried through the spinal cord where they synapse with the dendrites of motor neurons. 2- The axons from these motor neurons extend from the spinal cord carrying impulses directly to muscles, causing the contractions that produce voluntary movements.
65
Process of reflex
1- sensory receptors react to the sensation of the tack and send an impulse to sensory neurons. 2- sensory neurons relay the information to the spinal cord. 3- An interneuron in the spinal cord processes the information and forms a response. 4- A motor neuron carries impulses to its effector, a muscle that it stimulates. 5- The muscle contracts and your leg moves.
66
All reflexes are controllled by spinal cord?
False, the spinal cord does not control all reflexes. Many reflexes that involve structures in your head, such as blinking or sneezing, are controlled by the brain.
67
Ossification process
Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone during the process of bone formation called ossification (ahs uh fih kay shun). Ossification begins up to seven months before birth. Bone tissue forms as cells called osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage in developing bones. As bone tissue completes its development, most osteoblasts mature into osteocytes. Osteocytes help to maintain the minerals in bone tissue and continue to strengthen the growing bone.
68
Hypothalamus detects
Hunger

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