Bio Reviewer _ Ultrastructure of Cell Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is resolution in the context of electron microscopes?
Resolution is the minimum distance at which two distinct points of a specimen can still be seen as separate entities.
What does ultrastructure refer to?
Ultrastructure refers to the fine structures within the cell, which can only be seen with the high magnification provided by electron microscopes.
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells have NO NUCLEUS and have DNA located in the nucleoid region.
What is the structure of prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure without compartments and lack organelles except ribosomes.
What protective layers do prokaryotic cells have?
Prokaryotic cells have three protective layers: Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule.
What is the function of flagella in prokaryotic cells?
Flagella provide mobility.
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, which is a form of asexual reproduction.
What effect does binary fission have on the genetic material of daughter cells?
Daughter cells get smaller but increase in size.
What characterizes eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a compartmentalized structure and contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What are the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells?
Enzymes and substrates are more concentrated Harmful substances are contained Different processes can have different conditions Organelles can be moved within the cell.
What is the primary function of the nucleus?
The nucleus houses chromosomes made of chromatin (DNA and proteins) and regulates entry and exit of materials.
What is unique about mitochondrial DNA inheritance?
Mitochondrial DNA can be inherited from fathers, not just mothers.
What are ribosomes made of?
Ribosomes consist of two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins.
Where can ribosomes be found?
Ribosomes can be free in cytosol or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum aids in the synthesis of secretory and other proteins and contains bound ribosomes.
What distinguishes smooth endoplasmic reticulum from rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid synthesis and does not have ribosome attachments.
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and carbohydrates and sorts them for release in vesicles.
What does a peroxisome do?
Peroxisomes are involved in the oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, or other compounds.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes contain enzymes for digestion and play a role in recycling organic substances.
What is a vacuole’s function?
Vacuoles are responsible for storage of oils, carbohydrates, water, or toxins.
How do vacuoles differ between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have several large vacuoles for water storage, while animal cells have smaller vacuoles.
What is the primary role of mitochondria?
Mitochondria serve as the site for cell respiration by oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis and convert light to chemical energy.
What is the cytoskeleton’s role in the cell?
The cytoskeleton provides mechanical support, maintains cell shape, and is responsible for motion and transport.
