BIO Set #4 - CH. 7-8

Question 1

What is evolution?

-Evolution-

Answer 1

change in a population over time

Question 2

Why are organisms found in a particular area? I.E. what determines who lives and dies in that area?

-Evolution-

Answer 2

The environment, Mutation provides variation needed for organisms to stay and live in the environment.

-The environment, mutation (allele) environment picks the favored trait-

Question 3

Explain natural selection

-Evolution-

Answer 3

Natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully, passing on favorable traits to future generations. It’s a key mechanism of evolution.

Having the correct allele frequency that is favorited by the environment which allows Individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits due to the environment.

Question 4

Explain artificial selection

-Evolution-

Answer 4

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man.

Question 5

What is the best evidence for macroevolution?

-Evolution-

Answer 5

Fossil Records

Question 6

What is the bottleneck effect? Give an example

-Evolution-

Answer 6

The bottleneck effect occurs when a population’s size is drastically reduced due to an event, leading to a loss of genetic diversity. The surviving population may have different allele frequencies than the original, impacting evolution.

Genetic drift where there is a random reduction in allele frequency resulting from a disaster like an earthquake or certain animals reduced by man.

An example of the bottleneck effect is the near-extinction of cheetahs. Around 10,000 years ago, a drastic reduction in their population led to a loss of genetic diversity. As a result, modern cheetahs have very low genetic variation, making them more vulnerable to diseases and environmental changes.

Question 7

What is founder effect? Give an example

-Evolution-

Answer 7

Genetic drift resulting from the colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals resulting from random change in gene pool due to chance.

An example are Islands (First Darwin finch) A small subset of larger population gets lost and finds a new location and establishes itself and now are separated by a barrier which could lead to speciation. The emergence of species from a common ancestor who find themselves a new diverse environment.

Question 8

What are the three modes of natural selection? Give an example of each:

-Evolution-

Answer 8

Stabilizing selection (intermediate are favored but not outliers)

Directional selection (one direction)

Diversifying selection (outliers are favorited but not intermediates).

EX:
Galapagos finches have different types of beaks. …
Peacock females pick their mate according to the male’s tail. …
Most peppered moths used to be a light color with black spots.

Question 9

A mule is an example of which zygotic barrier?

-Evolution-

Answer 9

Post Zygotic Barrier (Hybrid) sterility

Question 10

Separation by a geographical barrier can lead to _______________

-Evolution-

Answer 10

Allopatric Speciation

Examples of geographical barriers that can cause separation:
Mountain ranges, Rivers, Oceans, and Deserts.

Question 11

Explain adaptive radiation

-Evolution-

Answer 11

Emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor are introduced to a new and diverse environment.

Question 12

Which (two) interpretation of evolution is supported by the fossil record?

-Evolution-

Answer 12

1) Punctuated equilibrium see the formation of brand new species

2) Darwins interpretation is a gradualist model. Species gradually change over time

Question 13

What is convergent evolution? Give example

-Evolution-

Answer 13

Species from different geographical locations but similar environments may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments.

Ex: Ostrich (Africa) & Emu (Australia)

Question 14

What is co-evolution? Give example

-Evolution-

Answer 14

When two or more species influence each other’s development over time because they interact closely.

When two different organisms evolve to depend upon each other in order to exist in a harsh environment. : Humming birds and red flowered plants.

Question 15

Evolutionary theory proposed by Charles Darwin

-Evolution-

Answer 15

Supported by NATURAL SELECTION (some organisms have similar structures)

Note: Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection which states that organisms with advantageous traits, due to natural variation, are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring, leading to gradual changes in a species over time; essentially, “survival of the fittest” is the key mechanism driving this evolution

Question 16

Homologous structures

-Evolution-

Answer 16

Homologous structures are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions. An example of homologous structures are the limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats.

Humerus, radius

EX:
A common example of homologous structures in evolutionary biology are the wings of bats and the arms of primates. Although these two structures do not look similar or have the same function, genetically, they come from the same structure of the last common ancestor.

Question 17

Radioactive dating techniques

What do scientists determine?

-Evolution-

Answer 17

How we determine fossils lives.

NOTE:
they provide a way to determine the absolute age of fossils, allowing scientists to establish a timeline for evolutionary events and understand the sequence in which different species appeared on Earth, essentially providing a “molecular clock” for evolutionary history

Question 18

What is the source of all variation within a population?

-Evolution-

Answer 18

Mutation

Question 19

What is Lamarckism?

-Evolution-

Answer 19

all the physical changes occurring in an individual during its lifetime are inherited by its offspring

Lamarckism is a theory of evolution that states that physical changes in an organism during its lifetime can be passed on to its offspring

Question 20

What is microevolution?

-Evolution-

Answer 20

(Microevolution is simply a - change in gene frequency within a population.)

Ingredients that are needed to be there in order for speciation.

A change in a populations gene pool over a secession of generations.

Question 21

Know with examples:

genetic drift,

gene flow,

mutation,

nonrandom mating and

natural selection

-Evolution-

Answer 21

GENETIC DRIFT: is change in allele frequency due to chance.

EX: A small group of insects gets separated from a larger population by a river, leading to a new population with a different allele frequency distribution than the original, simply due to the random selection of which individuals migrated.

GENE FLOW:
The movement of genes from one population to another through migration or interbreeding,
EX: a bee carrying pollen from one flower population to another, or a caribou from one herd mating with members of another herd.

MUTATION: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism
EX: A plant developing a new color variation due to a random change in its DNA, potentially allowing it to attract different pollinators.

NONRANDOM MATING:
When individuals in a population are more likely to mate with certain partners based on specific characteristics, rather than randomly
EX: Male peacocks with larger, more vibrant tails are more likely to be chosen as mates by females, leading to increased frequency of those traits in the population.

NATURAL SELECTION:
The process by which organisms with advantageous traits in a given environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
EX: In a hot climate, a lizard with a darker skin color absorbing less heat is more likely to survive and reproduce, causing the population to gradually become darker over time.

Question 22

What did Charles Darwin publish in 1859?

-Evolution-

Answer 22

On the Origin of Species of Natural Selection

Question 23

What is Pre- zygotic and Post-zygotic barriers with examples

-Evolution-

Answer 23

A prezygotic reproductive barrier is a mechanism that prevents fertilization from occurring. Pre-zygotic barriers prevent mating from happening in the first place,

A post-zygotic barriers affect the viability or fertility of offspring after hybrid sterility, as they demonstrate how fertilization can lead to reproductive failures even after the zygote is formed.

Question 24

Define allopatric speciation and give examples

-Evolution-

Answer 24

Induced when the ancestral population becomes separated by a geographical barrier.

EX:
Darwin’s Finches on the Galapagos Islands

Question 25

Current theory on human evolution -Evolution-

Answer 25

"Out of Africa" model The formation of Homo sapien, a common ape-like ancestors, diverged into what we see as chimpanzees (98% same as us)

Question 26

Coevolution and its relationship to mutualism -Evolution-

Answer 26

Coevolution is the evolution of two or more species which reciprocally affect each other, sometimes creating a mutualistic relationship between the species. Such relationships can be of many different types. Mutualism - A symbiotic relationship, which benefits both organisms ex: ants & aphids Note: Coevolution refers to the reciprocal evolutionary changes that occur between two or more species due to their interactions with each other, and mutualism is a type of interaction where both species benefit from the relationship;

Question 27

Define species, population and community -Population Ecology-

Answer 27

SPECIES: Individuals of a species that are morphologically similar and are able to produce viable off springs POPULATION: Localized groups of organisms belonging to the same species. COMMUNITY: Populations of organisms living together in the same environment.

Question 28

Which dispersal pattern is most common? -Population Ecology-

Answer 28

Clumped because resources are clumped too.

Question 29

What kind of population growth produces a J-shaped pattern? -Population Ecology-

Answer 29

Exponential Growth

Question 30

A population with unlimited natural resources and lack of predation will grow _____________. -Population Ecology-

Answer 30

Exponentially

Question 31

What kind of population growth produces an S-shaped pattern? -Population Ecology-

Answer 31

Logistic Growth Model

Question 32

A population with limited natural resources, with predators, and with disease will exhibit ______ growth. -Population Ecology-

Answer 32

logistic growth

Question 33

List 2 r-selected species and 4 r-selected traits -Population Ecology-

Answer 33

R-selected species 1) Rabbit 2) Mice 3) Mosquitos (R species Traits) 1) High reproductive rate, 2) short life span, 3) high death rate, 4). little/no parental care, size of offspring are small body size ------------------------------------------------------------ High reproductive rate: Producing a large number of offspring at once. Early reproductive age: Reaching maturity and reproducing at a young age. Small body size: Generally being small in size. Little parental care: Providing minimal care to offspring after birth.

Question 34

List 2 K-selected species and 4 K-selected traits -Population Ecology-

Answer 34

K-Seleted Species 1) Humans 2) Elephants (K species Traits): 1) Low reproductive rate 2) long life span, 3) low death rate, 4) lots of parental care, size of offsprings are large body size

Question 35

Density-dependent vs density independent population factors -Population Ecology-

Answer 35

"Density-dependent" factors affect a population's growth based on its size or density, meaning their impact increases as the population gets larger EXAMPLE: Competition for resources (food, space), predation, disease, parasite infection, waste accumulation "Density-independent" factors influence a population regardless of its density, such as natural disasters or extreme weather events, affecting all individuals similarly regardless of population size. EXAMPLE: Extreme weather events (hurricanes, floods), wildfires, volcanic eruptions, climate change --------------------------------------------------------- Explanation: Density-dependent factors: When a population is small, individuals have ample access to resources, but as the population grows, competition for these resources intensifies, leading to reduced birth rates and increased mortality. For example, if a deer population becomes too large, competition for food will limit their reproduction. competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, disease, and stress from overcrowding. Density-independent factors: These factors impact a population regardless of its size. A severe drought, for instance, will affect a small deer population just as much as a large one. Affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size and density. Unusual weather such as hurricanes, droughts, or floods, and natural disasters such as wildfires

Question 36

Define density (population size) -Population Ecology-

Answer 36

population size is just the count of individuals population density tells you how many individuals are packed into a particular area. EX: - Key points: Population size: The absolute number of individuals in a population. Population density: The number of individuals per unit area (e.g., per square kilometer) Example: If there are 100 deer in a 10-square kilometer forest, the population size is 100 deer, and the population density is 10 deer per square kilometer.

Question 37

What is the “main” reason for climate change, pollution, species extinction, and acid rain? -Population Ecology-

Answer 37

human activities NOTE: Explanation: Climate change: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere causing global warming. Pollution: The combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles and industries produces harmful pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to air pollution. Species extinction: Climate change disrupts ecosystems, leading to habitat loss and changes in species' ranges, increasing the risk of extinction. Acid rain: Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released from burning fossil fuels combine with water in the atmosphere to form acidic rain.

Question 38

Know with examples the “types” of survivorship curves -Population Ecology-

Answer 38

Type 1: has a high survival rate until old age (K species). humans Type 2: intermediate between the extremes. (r and K species). birds Type 3: has a high death rate as young but decreases at later ages (r-species). fish

Question 39

What are the 3 dispersal patterns with examples (which is most common?) -Population Ecology-

Answer 39

1) clumped (most common), 2) random 3) uniform ------------------------------------------------------------ Clumped: A group of elephants gathered around a watering hole, a school of fish, or trees dropping seeds close to the parent plant. Random: Dandelion seeds dispersed by wind, where seedlings sprout wherever they land in suitable conditions. Uniform: Plants that secrete chemicals inhibiting nearby growth (allelopathy), or territorial animals evenly spaced throughout their habitat. Key point: The most common dispersal pattern is usually considered to be "clumped" as individuals often cluster together due to resource availability, social behaviors, or patchy environments.

Question 40

What is the carrying capacity? -Population Ecology-

Answer 40

the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support.

Question 41

What is ZPG? -Population Ecology-

Answer 41

Zero population growth

Question 42

How does the predator-prey relationship affect a population? -Population Ecology-

Answer 42

-The relationship controls the population size of both species. *The predators keep the prey population under control and the size of the population of prey limits the amount of predators an ecosystem can support. Predator and prey populations cycle through time, as predators decrease numbers of prey. Lack of food resources in turn decrease predator abundance, and the lack of predation pressure allows prey populations to rebound.

Question 43

Know how life tables work -Population Ecology-

Answer 43

records matters of life and death for a population—literally! It summarizes the likelihood that organisms in a population will live, die, and/or reproduce at different stages of their lives.

Question 44

Interspecific vs intraspecific interactions/competition -Population Ecology-

Answer 44

Interspecific - Competition between two or more species for the same limited resources in the same habitat ex: two different kinds of birds, emu and ostrich intraspecific - Competition within a species for the same limited resources in the same habitat ex: parrots

Question 45

Interspecific vs intraspecific interactions/competition/associations -Community Ecology-

Answer 45

Intra-specific - are those that occur between individuals of the same species, inter-specific - interactions that occur between two or more species

Question 46

Define ecosystem -Community Ecology-

Answer 46

An ecosystem is a community of living things, like plants, animals, and tiny organisms, that live together in a specific area and interact with their surroundings, like air, water, and soil. For example, a forest, a pond, or even your backyard can be an ecosystem. The living things (like animals and plants) depend on each other and their environment to survive. For instance, plants use sunlight to make food, animals eat plants or other animals, and when plants and animals die, tiny organisms break them down, returning nutrients to the soil. Everything in an ecosystem works together like a team to keep nature balanced! Biotic Living things in an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and bacteria. Biotic --factors also include interactions between organisms, such as predation, competition, and disease. Abiotic --. Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as water, soil, atmosphere, sunlight, temperature, wind, and nutrients. A dynamic system of organisms interacting with each other (biotic) and the inanimate environment (abiotic) ----------------------------------- Ecosystem ecology asks how abiotic and biotic processes come together to shape the diversity in form and function across Earth's ecosystems, from the flow of energy and materials through the environment, to how communities of organisms interact with their environment.

Question 47

Explain the competitive exclusion principle (is this inter- or intraspecific competition?) -Community Ecology-

Answer 47

The concept that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche because they have the similar needs, compete for the same resources, active at the same time, and one will have a reproductive advantage which could make another one to become extinct. This is INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION (The competitive exclusion principle refers to interspecific competition, meaning it describes the competition between two different species for the same niche in a habitat, not competition within the same species.)

Question 48

What is the difference between habitat and ecological niche? -Community Ecology-

Answer 48

A habitat is the general place where an organism lives and a niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtain what it needs to survive and reproduce.

Question 49

What is resource partitioning? Why would it happen? Give an example -Community Ecology-

Answer 49

When one of the two species that are competing for the same resources does not go extinct and can adjust its niche requirements. An altering behavior to minimize competition. Altering behavior or physiology to minimize competition, allows several species to utilize parts of the same resource, to avoid direct competition with one another, allowing them to coexist in the same environment ex: humming birds using the same flower nectar WHY IT WOULD HAPPEN? it happens because when species have similar needs for resources, natural selection favors adaptations that enable them to use those resources in slightly different ways, reducing competition and increasing the chances of survival for all involved species.

Question 50

What is a keystone species? Give an example -Community Ecology-

Answer 50

An organism (usually predators) that maintains diversity in the ecosystem that it is found. EXAMPLE - Beavers: By building dams, beavers create wetlands that provide habitat for various species. Honey bees: As pollinators, they are essential for the reproduction of many flowering plants.

Question 51

Know the interspecific associations related to symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism and parasitism -Community Ecology-

Answer 51

In symbiosis, "mutualism" refers to a relationship where both organisms benefit, "commensalism" describes a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected "parasitism" is when one organism benefits at the expense of the other, which is harmed; all three are considered interspecific associations, meaning they occur between different species.

Question 52

How is Mullerian mimicry different from Bastian mimicry? -Community Ecology-

Answer 52

Mullerian Mimicry: When two unpalatable species mimic each other in the same habitat ex: Wasp & bees Batesian Mimicry: Palatable species mimic unpalatable species ex:Robber fly & bumble bee ------------------------------------------- Example: Mullerian mimicry: Different species of poisonous dart frogs with bright colors, where each species benefits from the other's warning coloration. Batesian mimicry: A harmless king snake mimicking the coloration of a venomous coral snake.

Question 53

The first transition in species composition (like a new volcanic island) is called __________. -Community Ecology-

Answer 53

primary succession

Question 54

A transition in species composition overtime after a fire is called ___________. -Community Ecology-

Answer 54

ecological succession

Question 55

The final successional community is called __________. -Community Ecology-

Answer 55

climax community

Question 56

How much energy is at a trophic level compared to the trophic level below? -Community Ecology-

Answer 56

1/10

Question 57

How much energy is at a trophic level compared to the trophic level above? -Community Ecology-

Answer 57

10X

Question 58

What is the 10% Rule and how does it relate to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? -Community Ecology-

Answer 58

As energy moves up the trophic levels, 90 % of energy is lost in the form of heat, just as the second law of thermodynamics states. Only 10 % of energy remains for the higher trophic level.

Question 59

Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Sardine → Salmon → Human → Great White Shark → Killer Whale (what level is human?) -Community Ecology-

Answer 59

Quaternary

Question 60

Abiotic vs. biotic -Community Ecology-

Answer 60

Biotic and abiotic are terms used to describe the living and non-living parts of an ecosystem, respectively: Biotic Living things in an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and bacteria. Biotic factors also include interactions between organisms, such as predation, competition, and disease. Abiotic Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as water, soil, atmosphere, sunlight, temperature, wind, and nutrients. Biotic and abiotic factors are both essential to an ecosystem and affect the survival and reproduction of organisms.

Question 61

Trophic (feeding) levels in relationship to biomass -Community Ecology-

Answer 61

as you move up trophic levels (feeding levels in a food chain), the total biomass (total mass of organisms) generally decreases, meaning the highest trophic levels have significantly less biomass compared to the lower levels; this is often visualized as a "pyramid of biomass.".

Question 62

Why are decomposers and detritivores important to ecosystems? -Community Ecology-

Answer 62

Decomposers and detritivores are essential in food webs as they break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the environment for reuse. Examples of decomposers (organisms that break down organic matter at a microscopic level): Fungi (like mushrooms and mold) Bacteria (like those in soil that break down plant material) Examples of detritivores (organisms that consume larger pieces of dead material): Earthworms Millipedes Woodlice (pill bugs or roly-polies) Dung beetles Both play a critical role in keeping ecosystems clean and healthy!

Question 63

What are the impacts of introduced species? -Community Ecology-

Answer 63

causing extinctions of native plants and animals, reducing biodiversity, competing with native organisms for limited resources, and altering habitats.

Question 64

What is bioaccumulation and biomagnification? Why should we be concerned with them? -Community Ecology-

Answer 64

Bioaccumulation is the process by which toxins enter the food web by building up in individual organisms biomagnification is the process by which toxins are passed from one trophic level to the next (and thereby increase in concentration) within a food web

Question 65

What are the causes and consequences associated with climate change? 5 things -Community Ecology-

Answer 65

-Human activities -burning fossil fuels (greenhouse gasses) -destroying rainforests - farming livestocks - have an increasing influence on the climate and the Earth's temperature.

Question 66

1. Evidence of evolution -Short Answer-

Answer 66

the fossil record (preserved remains of past organisms) Evidence of evolution includes fossils, which show changes in species over time, similar body structures in different animals, DNA similarities linking all living things, and similarities in embryos, suggesting common ancestry. These clues show how species have evolved and are connected.

Question 67

2. Natural selection - three modes of action -Short Answer-

Answer 67

Directional selection: In this mode, individuals with one extreme trait value within a population have a better chance of survival and reproduction, causing the population trait to shift towards that extreme over time. Stabilizing selection: This mode favors individuals with the average trait value, reducing the variation within the population as extreme phenotypes are selected against. Disruptive selection: When both extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate phenotype, leading to a potential split in the population and the emergence of distinct subpopulations.

Question 68

3. Reproductive barriers -Short Answer-

Answer 68

PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS - prevent fertilization Reproductive barriers are things that stop different species from having babies together or from their babies being healthy and able to reproduce. POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS - are reproductive barriers that occur after fertilization and prevent hybrid offspring from surviving or reproducing. They include: Hybrid inviability: The embryo doesn't develop properly or dies early. Hybrid sterility: The hybrid grows but cannot reproduce (e.g., mule). Hybrid breakdown: The hybrid's offspring are weak or infertile in later generations. These barriers help maintain separate species.

Question 69

4. Evolution of humans -Short Answer-

Answer 69

Human evolution is the process by which humans developed from ape-like ancestors, evolving traits like walking on two legs and larger brains over millions of years. Homo sapiens appeared around 300,000 years ago.

Question 70

5. Trophic structure, the 10% Rule and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics -Short Answer-

Answer 70

Trophic structure is the way organisms are organized in an ecosystem by what they eat. The 10% Rule says that only 10% of energy is passed from one level to the next in a food chain, with most energy lost as heat. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is always lost as heat during transformations, making less energy available as you move up the food chain.

Question 71

6. Estimation of population size: mark-recapture method -Short Answer- (Look in your iPad)

Answer 71

Population size (N)= Marked recaptured (R) Number marked (M)×Total captured in 2nd sample (C)/ Marked recaptured (R) ​ The mark-recapture method estimates population size by capturing a group of individuals, marking them, and releasing them back. After some time, another group is captured, and the number of marked individuals is counted. The formula used is:

Question 72

7. Factors that limit population growth -Short Answer-

Answer 72

Factors that limit population growth include: Density-dependent factors: Depend on population size, like competition, predation, disease, and food availability. Density-independent factors: Affect populations regardless of size, like natural disasters, climate changes, and habitat destruction. These factors keep populations from growing indefinitely.

Question 73

8. Life history strategies -Short Answer-

Answer 73

Life history strategies are the ways organisms allocate resources to growth, reproduction, and survival. They are often categorized as: r-strategists: Produce many offspring with little care (e.g., insects). K-strategists: Produce few offspring with more care (e.g., humans). These strategies help species adapt to their environments.

Question 74

9. Competitive exclusion principle -Short Answer-

Answer 74

The competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist in the same habitat if they compete for the exact same resources. One species will outcompete the other, leading to the other's extinction or relocation.

Question 75

10. Resource partitioning -Short Answer-

Answer 75

Resource partitioning is when different species share the same habitat but use resources in different ways to avoid competition. For example, birds might feed on insects from different parts of a tree. This allows multiple species to coexist in the same area by reducing direct competition for resources.