bio term test 1

Question 1

what is physiology

Answer 1

study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

Question 2

what assemble into larger units called tissue

Answer 2

cells in the body

Question 3

cells are held together by what

Answer 3

cell junctions

Question 4

what are the cell junctions

Answer 4

Anchoring junction
gap junction
tight junction

Question 5

what aare the three types of anchoring junction

Answer 5

desmosome
adherens
hemidesmosomes

Question 6

what is between the cells

Answer 6

extracellular matrix

Question 7

what secretes and synthesisez the extracellular matrix

Answer 7

cells in the tissue

Question 8

what are the four primary types in the human body

Answer 8

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nueronal

Question 9

what is pat of the nervous tissue

Answer 9

brain
spinal cord
nerves

Question 10

what is part of the muscle tissue

Answer 10

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle

Question 11

example of the epithelial tissue

Answer 11

linning of GI tract organs and other hollow organs Skin surface (epidermis)

Question 12

what is parrt of the connective tissue

Answer 12

fat and other soft padding tissue

bone

tendon

Question 13

what is the functions of the epethelial cells

Answer 13

• Epithelia protects the internal enviroment of the individual
• Regulate exchange of material between the external enviroment and internal enviroment
• epithelia consist of ne or more layers of cells connected to one another and to a basal lamina ( basement membrane)

Question 14

any material that moves between the internal and external enviroment must cross the ..

Answer 14

epithilium

Question 15

5 types of epithelia

Answer 15

-exchange
- ciliated
= secretory
- transporting
- protective

Question 16

what does exchange epitheliaa do

Answer 16

rapid exchange of material

Question 17

what does ciliated epithelia do and where can they be found

Answer 17

they line airways and found in female reproductive tract

Question 18

what does secretory epithelia do

Answer 18

synthesize and release products into the external environment/blood

Question 19

whaat does transporting epithelia do

Answer 19

selective transport of materal

Question 20

where is the protective epithila found

Answer 20

on the surface of the body

Question 21

what does connective tissue provie

Answer 21

structural support and barriers

Question 22

does the connective tissue have an extensive intraellular matrix

Answer 22

no it has a extensive extracellular matrix, and contains proteoglycans, collagen, elastin, and fibronectin

Question 23

what are the ficve types of connective tissue

Answer 23

• loose
• dense
• adipose
• blood
• supporting

Question 24

what is loose connective tissue and example

Answer 24

elastic tissue, e.g. tissue underlying the skin

Question 25

what is the function of dense connective tissue and e.g

Answer 25

strengh is the primary function, e.g tendons

Question 26

what does adipose conective tissue contain and e.g

Answer 26

contains adipose, e.g white fat

Question 27

what is the blood connective tissue

Answer 27

watery matrix lacking insoluble protien fibers

Question 28

what is supporting connective tisue, e.g

Answer 28

dense substances, e.g. cartilage and bone

Question 29

what is a muscle

Answer 29

it has the ability to conract to produce force and movement

Question 30

what are the three types of muscle

Answer 30

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 31

what is skeletal muscle responsible for

Answer 31

for gross body movement

Question 32

what is smooth muscles responsible for

Answer 32

for influencing the movement of substances into/out of/within the body

Question 33

where is the cardiac muscle found and what its function

Answer 33

found only in the heat, contraction moves blood through the body

Question 34

what does nueral tissue do

Answer 34

carry information from one part of the body to another

Question 35

how much ECM is there in nueral tissue

Answer 35

very little

Question 36

what are the two types of cells in nueral tissue

Answer 36

nuerons glial cells

Question 37

wwhat do nuerons do

Answer 37

carry information as electrical or chemical signals

Question 38

what do glial cells do

Answer 38

supportinng cells for nuerons

Question 39

what does function ean in physiology

Answer 39

the why

Question 40

what does the mechanism mean in physiology

Answer 40

the how

Question 41

physiologist study mechanism to understand the what

Answer 41

function

Question 42

what is homeostasis

Answer 42

it is the maintenance of a relaticely stable internal enviroment

Question 43

what does homeostasis involve a series of

Answer 43

automatic control mechanisms

Question 44

what is the result of homeostatic control

Answer 44

oscillation around a set-point that can change with time

Question 45

what is acclimatization

Answer 45

enviromentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change

Question 46

what will happen if failure to aintain homeostasis

Answer 46

will disrupt function and may result in a disease state

Question 47

what are the 4 basic mechanisms of cell to cell communication

Answer 47

gap junctions, contact dependent signals, local communication, long distance communication

Question 48

what is gap junctions and where are they found? how do they comminicate

Answer 48

- known as dirct cell to cell communitcation - communication betwween cells occurs via protien channels between adjecent cells - gap junctions are capable of opening and closing - are found in many cell types like heart

Question 49

what is the contact - dependent signal and where can it be found

Answer 49

- this tpe of communication is from the interaction between membrane molecules on two cells - found in immune cells and during development

Question 50

what are local communications and how do they occur

Answer 50

local communication is communication with neighbouring cells occurs via paracrine and aoutocrine signals

Question 51

what are paracrine signals

Answer 51

they are chemicals secreted by ccells which act on neighbouring cells. they act on immediate vicinity

Question 52

what are autocrine signals

Answer 52

chemiclas that act on the cell that produces them

Question 53

what are long distance communcation responible for

Answer 53

the nercous system and endocrine system

Question 54

what does the nervous system use a combination of

Answer 54

chemical and electrical signals

Question 55

what does the endocrine system use

Answer 55

chemical signals that are known as hormones

Question 56

why doo some cells respond to chemical signals and others do not

Answer 56

1. target cells have various receptor protiens 2. only respond to a chemical signal if they have the appropriate receptor

Question 57

what are receptors usually

Answer 57

they are ussually transmembrane protien ( or glycoprotiens) and ussually found in plasma membrane but can be intracellular (cytosolic or nuclear)

Question 58

what are the three domains of membrane spanning receptors and what are thier properties

Answer 58

1. exracellular domain- involved in binding the ligand ( chemical signal) 2. trans-membrane domain: hydrophobic 3. intracellular (cyoplasmic ) domain - involved in activating the cellular responce

Question 59

true or false not every moleculte that can bind with the receptor and induce activity will elict the responce

Answer 59

false any moleculr that can bind with the receptor and induce activity will elict the responce

Question 60

which pathways can maintain homeostasis

Answer 60

local and long-distaance pathways

Question 61

what is reflex control

Answer 61

it is long distance pathways that mainain homeostasis including nervous and endocrine systems

Question 62

for homeostatic control stabiliti is the result of balance between

Answer 62

input and output

Question 63

for homeostatic control (blank) returns variable to original condition

Answer 63

negative feedback

Question 64

for homeostatic control, homeostativ systems maintain....

Answer 64

similarity not constancy

Question 65

t or f for homeostatic control set points can be reset

Answer 65

t

Question 66

t or f for homeostatic control all varuabkes are cintrolled equally

Answer 66

f some variables are controlled more closely than others

Question 67

for homeostatic control most control systems require

Answer 67

communication between cells

Question 68

responce loops start with ...

Answer 68

a stimulus and result in a response

Question 69

what controls the reponse loop

Answer 69

feedback pathways

Question 70

what are the three types of feedback/ control systems to regulate the responce loops

Answer 70

negative feedback positive feedback feedforward control

Question 71

what is negative feedback control

Answer 71

negative feedback results in a change that opposes or removes the signal thus returning the variable to its orignal value allows for homeostatic control

Question 72

what does negative feedback system result in

Answer 72

it results in oscillation around the set-point

Question 73

what does positive feedback do

Answer 73

sends a signal and sends the variable further from the set point until and external signal turns the response off not homeostatic sends system temporarily out of conrol