Bio test 2

Question 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 1

consists of four types of nucleotide subunits, and two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between the base portion of the nucleotides.

Question 2

base pair

Answer 2

a purine-pyrimidine pair

Question 3

complementary strand

Answer 3

when an A pairs with a T and a C with a G on the opposing strand of DNA

Question 4

genome

Answer 4

the complete set of information in an organisms DNA

Question 5

chromosomes

Answer 5

very long double-stranded DNA molecules are packaged into structures called chromosomes

Question 6

Karyotype

Answer 6

the display of the full set of 46 human chromosomes.

Question 7

gene

Answer 7

a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein.

Question 8

Cell cycle

Answer 8

DNA molecule is replicated and the replicated copies must be separated and partitioned reliably into daughter cells at each cell division.

Question 9

replication origin

Answer 9

where replication of the DNA begins

Question 10

telomeres

Answer 10

contains repeated nucleotide sequences that enable the ends of the chromosomes to be replicated.

Question 11

centromeres

Answer 11

allows one copy of each duplicated cell chromosome to be apportioned to each daughter cell

Question 12

nucleolus

Answer 12

where the parts of the different chromosomes carrying genes for ribosomal RNA cluster together

Question 13

chromatin

Answer 13

the complex of both classes of proteins with nuclear DNA

Question 14

Histones and Nonhistones

Answer 14

the proteins that bind to the DNA to form eucaryotic chromosomes

Question 15

nucleosome

Answer 15

the first and most fundamental level of chromatin packing

Question 16

chromatin-remodeling complexes

Answer 16

machines that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the position of DNA wrapped around nucleosomes.

Question 17

heterochromatin

Answer 17

the most highly condensed form of interphase chromatin

Question 18

euchromatin

Answer 18

the rest of the interphase chromatin.

eu means true or normal

Question 19

epigenetic inheritance

Answer 19

depends on passing along specifically modified histone proteins

Question 20

primase

Answer 20

the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer

Question 21

RNA polymerase

Answer 21

primase is an example of this.
synthesizes RNA using DNA as a template
carries out transcription

Question 22

telomerase

Answer 22

replenishes the nucleotides that are lost each time a eucaryotic chromosome is duplicated by adding multiple copies of the same short DNA sequence to the chromosome ends

Question 23

mutations

Answer 23

permanent changes in the DNA

Question 24

homologous recombination

Answer 24

genetic exchange between a pair of identical or vey similar DNA sequences, usually located on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Question 25

transcription

Answer 25

copy the neucleotide sequence of that gene into RNA

Question 26

mRNA

Answer 26

codes for proteins

Question 27

gene expression

Answer 27

the process by which the information encoded in a DNA sequence is translated into a product that has some effect on a cell or organism

Question 28

promoter

Answer 28

contains a specific sequence of nucleotides indicating the starting point for RNA synthesis

Question 29

rRNA

Answer 29

form the core of the ribosome and catalyzes proteins synthesis

Question 30

miRNA

Answer 30

regulates gene expession

Question 31

tRNA

Answer 31

serves as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis

Question 32

introns

Answer 32

noncoding region of a eucaryotic gene that is transcribed into an RNA molecule but is then excised by RNA splicing to produce mRNA

Question 33

exons

Answer 33

segments of a eucaryotic gene that is transcribed inot RNA and expressed. dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein

Question 34

RNA splicing

Answer 34

where the intron sequences are removed from the newly synthesized RNA and the exons are stitched together.

Question 35

codon

Answer 35

each group of three consecutive nucleotides in RNA

Question 36

reading frames

Answer 36

the set of successive triplets in which a string of nucleotide is translated into proteins.

Question 37

anticodon

Answer 37

a set of three consecutive nucleotides that through base-pairing bind the complementary codon in an mRNA molecule

Question 38

translation

Answer 38

the conversion of the RNA into proteins.

Question 39

gene expression

Answer 39

the process by which a gene makes its effect on a cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity

Question 40

DNA sequences

Answer 40

adjacent to the transcribed region of the gene have the role of binding proteins called “transcription factors” to either activate or repress transcription.

Question 41

enhancers

Answer 41

These are sequences that bind transcription factors but differ from the first THREE in that they can be VERY far away from the place where transcription begins.