Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology 201 > bio test 3 > Flashcards

bio test 3 Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

basic function of blood/circulation

A

transport- nutrients, O2/C2, waste
regulation-hormones, temp
protection-antibodies, clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

components of blood

A

plasm- H2O, ions, proteins, dissolved elements
cellular- erythrocytes (red BC, O2/C2 transport), leukocytes (white BC, agronulocytes[monocytes-bacteria infection, lymphocytes-antibody production], granulocytes [neutrophils-protects against bacteria, esosinophils-parasitic infections, basophils-inflamation]
platelets-blood clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

circulation

A

fish-single loop
amphibians/reptiles-double circ(pulmonary and systemic)
birds and mammals- 4chamber, doub circ, 2 ventricles, higher metabolism, aerobic resp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blood vessels-4 layers of arteries, arteiolus, veins, venules

A

endothelium (inner), elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cappillaries

A

only endotheliu, permits diffusion, filtration and transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vasoconstriction/dilation

A

contriction and opening of capillaries to in/decrease blood flow to specific areas of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vein vs. atery

A

atery-away from heart, high BP, more smooth muscle

vein-toward heart, lower BP, less smooth muscle, one-way values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

vericose veins

A

one-way values don’t function right and blood pools up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gas between cells/enviroment, simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ficks law of diffusion

A

diffusion between 2 areas

R=(DxAx[deltaP])/d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fish gills

A

highly efficient(85% of O2 in H2O), much less O2 in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

respiration in amphibians

A

cutaneos respiration, positive pressure breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

respiration in amphibians

A

negative pressure breathing (thoracic breathing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

human lungs

A

300,000 alveoli/lung, increase in surface area for diffusion, 2 cell layers thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bird lungs

A

2 cycle, unidirectional
eliminate dead airspace
gas exchange in lungs, not airsacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vertebrate defenses against microbes

A

general barrier, immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

general barrier

A

blocks variety, generic, ex skin or HCl in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

immunity

A

innate-quick recognition and response

adaptive(acquired) immunity ex antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PAMP/MAMP

A

pathogen/microbe-associated molecule patter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Patter Recognition Receptors

A

receptors on blood cells or soluble in serum of blood, recognize PAMP’s and MAMP’s
toll-like receptors-TLR produces products that simulate innate and acquired immunity, indirectly triggers inflamation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

examples of innate immunity

A 
phagocytic cells(macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells)
inflammation(up vasodilation, up permeability of capillaries, macrophages release interleukin 1
complement- groups of about 30 inactive proteins, various defense roles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

complement proteins

A

MAC(membrane attack complex)-makes hole in membrane which fuid enters and causes pathogen to burst
C3b-coat surface causing phagocytosis and destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

adaptive immunity

A

slow but specific
active-activates lymphocytes
passive-receives antibodies from another source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

antigen

A

any substance that triggers a immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
epitope
antigenic determinants on some large antigens
26
lymphocytes
B&T cells, cell-mediated immunity | T-cells:bone marrow-thymus-lymph nodes
27
4 types of lymphocytes
1) helper T cells- detect infection 2) indeucer T cells-production of B&T cells 3) cytotoxin T cells-destory cancerous/infected cells 4) surpressor T cells-suppress
28
humoral immunity
B cells(bone marrow-blood/lymph node)
29
lymph system
1) lipid absorbtion 2) immunity 3) interstitial fluid recovery
30
hormone
``` regulatory chemical production site(endocrine gland) thru blood to target site, exception paracrine(produced next to target site) function-maintain homeostasis ```
31
lypophic hormones ex testosterone
binds to transport protein to travel in blood, releases, crosses plasma membrane, binds to receptor protein, protein binds to specific region of specific chromosome
32
hydrophilic homones ex insulin
no transport protein needed, attaches breifly to plasma membrane of target cell
33
nervous system- 2 cell types
neuron & glial cells (neurologic)
34
neurons
carry info as chemical and electrical signals | 3 types; sensory, interneuron, motor neuron
35
glial cells
provide structure/metabolic support for neurons
36
dendrite
carry impulses toward cell body
37
impulse
allows permeability of plasma membrane
38
explain synaptic cleft
notes 3/27
39
acetylcholine
contraction of skeletal muscle, relaxation of cardiac muscle, botulism affects this from being released causing paralysis and death
40
myasthemia gravis
causes own anti bodies to attack post-synaptic receptor proteins for acetylcholine
41
hermaphodite
both sex organs, monoecious
42
sequential hermaphodite
protandry- guy first then female | protogny- female first then guy
43
parthenogenesis
individual develops from unfertilized egg
44
sex determination factor
1) T 2) genetics: homogametic sex vs. heterogametic sex 3) SRY gene on Y chromosome- region on Y chromosome
45
oviparity
internal fertilization but development outside of body
46
ovoviviparity
internal fertilization, some development inside mom but not directly connected
47
viviparity
fert. and development inside mom, direct connection
48
testes
interstitial cells that produce testosterone
49
seminiferous tubules
in testes, site of spermatogenesis (meiosis) and spermiogenesis (converts spermatids into sperm
50
epididymis
temporary storage site of sperm-min of 18 hours
51
vasdefrens
some storage, transport into abdominal cavity and both v.d. tubes merge w/ uretha vasectomy-cut tubes
52
accessory glands
2 seminal glands 1 prostate 2 bulbourethral glands
53
Oogenesis
1 diploid primary oocyte to 1 haploid secondary oocyte plus 2-3 polar bodies
54
timing of oogenesis
metaphase II of secondary oocyte-ovulation(leaves ovary and enter oviduct), completes meiosis if sperm enters its cytoplasm, up to 24 hour survival period, sperm can live from 1-2 days, about 6 days to implant in uterine lining
55
PAP smear/test
sample cells from cervix, test for cancer
56
endometriosis
endometrium (inner lining of uterus) is outside of uterus, treat w/ surgery of chemicals
57
uterine fibrouds
benign growths w/in muscle layers
58
reproductive hormones-male
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-spermatogenesis luteinizing hormone (LH)-testosterone testosterone-male sex organs in general
59
reproductive hormones-female
FHS-ovarian follicles and estradiol LH- ovulation , estradiol estradiol (estrogen) female sex organs, prep for pregnancy(period) progesterone- prep uterus for pregnancy(period), sex organs
60
types of birth control
oral contraceptive, prevents ovulation-A-convenient, D-take regularly Rubber- covers penis and collects sperm A-easy to use, D-male cooperation diaphragm- prevents sperm from reaching egg, A-no side effects, D-needs careful fitting foams/creams/jellies- prevent sperm from entering uterus, A-no known side effects D-messy
61
infertility-females
PID )pelvic inflammatory disease-caused by infection endometriosis age
62
infertility-males
idiopathic-fertility w/ unknown cause | damage to glands
63
digestive stuff
in book

biology 201 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions