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biology 201 > bio test 3 > Flashcards

bio test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

basic function of blood/circulation

A

transport- nutrients, O2/C2, waste
regulation-hormones, temp
protection-antibodies, clotting

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2
Q

components of blood

A

plasm- H2O, ions, proteins, dissolved elements
cellular- erythrocytes (red BC, O2/C2 transport), leukocytes (white BC, agronulocytes[monocytes-bacteria infection, lymphocytes-antibody production], granulocytes [neutrophils-protects against bacteria, esosinophils-parasitic infections, basophils-inflamation]
platelets-blood clot formation

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3
Q

circulation

A

fish-single loop
amphibians/reptiles-double circ(pulmonary and systemic)
birds and mammals- 4chamber, doub circ, 2 ventricles, higher metabolism, aerobic resp.

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4
Q

blood vessels-4 layers of arteries, arteiolus, veins, venules

A

endothelium (inner), elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissues

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5
Q

cappillaries

A

only endotheliu, permits diffusion, filtration and transport

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6
Q

vasoconstriction/dilation

A

contriction and opening of capillaries to in/decrease blood flow to specific areas of the body

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7
Q

vein vs. atery

A

atery-away from heart, high BP, more smooth muscle

vein-toward heart, lower BP, less smooth muscle, one-way values

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8
Q

vericose veins

A

one-way values don’t function right and blood pools up

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9
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gas between cells/enviroment, simple diffusion

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10
Q

ficks law of diffusion

A

diffusion between 2 areas

R=(DxAx[deltaP])/d

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11
Q

fish gills

A

highly efficient(85% of O2 in H2O), much less O2 in water

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12
Q

respiration in amphibians

A

cutaneos respiration, positive pressure breathing

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13
Q

respiration in amphibians

A

negative pressure breathing (thoracic breathing)

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14
Q

human lungs

A

300,000 alveoli/lung, increase in surface area for diffusion, 2 cell layers thick

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15
Q

bird lungs

A

2 cycle, unidirectional
eliminate dead airspace
gas exchange in lungs, not airsacs

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16
Q

vertebrate defenses against microbes

A

general barrier, immunity

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17
Q

general barrier

A

blocks variety, generic, ex skin or HCl in stomach

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18
Q

immunity

A

innate-quick recognition and response

adaptive(acquired) immunity ex antibodies

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19
Q

PAMP/MAMP

A

pathogen/microbe-associated molecule patter

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20
Q

Patter Recognition Receptors

A

receptors on blood cells or soluble in serum of blood, recognize PAMP’s and MAMP’s
toll-like receptors-TLR produces products that simulate innate and acquired immunity, indirectly triggers inflamation

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21
Q

examples of innate immunity

A 
phagocytic cells(macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells)
inflammation(up vasodilation, up permeability of capillaries, macrophages release interleukin 1
complement- groups of about 30 inactive proteins, various defense roles
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22
Q

complement proteins

A

MAC(membrane attack complex)-makes hole in membrane which fuid enters and causes pathogen to burst
C3b-coat surface causing phagocytosis and destruction

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23
Q

adaptive immunity

A

slow but specific
active-activates lymphocytes
passive-receives antibodies from another source

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24
Q

antigen

A

any substance that triggers a immune response

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25
Q

epitope

A

antigenic determinants on some large antigens

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26
Q

lymphocytes

A

B&T cells, cell-mediated immunity

T-cells:bone marrow-thymus-lymph nodes

27
Q

4 types of lymphocytes

A

1) helper T cells- detect infection
2) indeucer T cells-production of B&T cells
3) cytotoxin T cells-destory cancerous/infected cells
4) surpressor T cells-suppress

28
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells(bone marrow-blood/lymph node)

29
Q

lymph system

A

1) lipid absorbtion
2) immunity
3) interstitial fluid recovery

30
Q

hormone

A 
regulatory chemical
production site(endocrine gland) thru blood to target site, exception paracrine(produced next to target site)
function-maintain homeostasis
31
Q

lypophic hormones ex testosterone

A

binds to transport protein to travel in blood, releases, crosses plasma membrane, binds to receptor protein, protein binds to specific region of specific chromosome

32
Q

hydrophilic homones ex insulin

A

no transport protein needed, attaches breifly to plasma membrane of target cell

33
Q

nervous system- 2 cell types

A

neuron & glial cells (neurologic)

34
Q

neurons

A

carry info as chemical and electrical signals

3 types; sensory, interneuron, motor neuron

35
Q

glial cells

A

provide structure/metabolic support for neurons

36
Q

dendrite

A

carry impulses toward cell body

37
Q

impulse

A

allows permeability of plasma membrane

38
Q

explain synaptic cleft

A

notes 3/27

39
Q

acetylcholine

A

contraction of skeletal muscle, relaxation of cardiac muscle, botulism affects this from being released causing paralysis and death

40
Q

myasthemia gravis

A

causes own anti bodies to attack post-synaptic receptor proteins for acetylcholine

41
Q

hermaphodite

A

both sex organs, monoecious

42
Q

sequential hermaphodite

A

protandry- guy first then female

protogny- female first then guy

43
Q

parthenogenesis

A

individual develops from unfertilized egg

44
Q

sex determination factor

A

1) T
2) genetics: homogametic sex vs. heterogametic sex
3) SRY gene on Y chromosome- region on Y chromosome

45
Q

oviparity

A

internal fertilization but development outside of body

46
Q

ovoviviparity

A

internal fertilization, some development inside mom but not directly connected

47
Q

viviparity

A

fert. and development inside mom, direct connection

48
Q

testes

A

interstitial cells that produce testosterone

49
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

in testes, site of spermatogenesis (meiosis) and spermiogenesis (converts spermatids into sperm

50
Q

epididymis

A

temporary storage site of sperm-min of 18 hours

51
Q

vasdefrens

A

some storage, transport into abdominal cavity and both v.d. tubes merge w/ uretha
vasectomy-cut tubes

52
Q

accessory glands

A

2 seminal glands
1 prostate
2 bulbourethral glands

53
Q

Oogenesis

A

1 diploid primary oocyte to 1 haploid secondary oocyte plus 2-3 polar bodies

54
Q

timing of oogenesis

A

metaphase II of secondary oocyte-ovulation(leaves ovary and enter oviduct), completes meiosis if sperm enters its cytoplasm, up to 24 hour survival period, sperm can live from 1-2 days, about 6 days to implant in uterine lining

55
Q

PAP smear/test

A

sample cells from cervix, test for cancer

56
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrium (inner lining of uterus) is outside of uterus, treat w/ surgery of chemicals

57
Q

uterine fibrouds

A

benign growths w/in muscle layers

58
Q

reproductive hormones-male

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-spermatogenesis
luteinizing hormone (LH)-testosterone
testosterone-male sex organs in general

59
Q

reproductive hormones-female

A

FHS-ovarian follicles and estradiol
LH- ovulation , estradiol
estradiol (estrogen) female sex organs, prep for pregnancy(period)
progesterone- prep uterus for pregnancy(period), sex organs

60
Q

types of birth control

A

oral contraceptive, prevents ovulation-A-convenient, D-take regularly
Rubber- covers penis and collects sperm A-easy to use, D-male cooperation
diaphragm- prevents sperm from reaching egg, A-no side effects, D-needs careful fitting
foams/creams/jellies- prevent sperm from entering uterus, A-no known side effects D-messy

61
Q

infertility-females

A

PID )pelvic inflammatory disease-caused by infection
endometriosis
age

62
Q

infertility-males

A

idiopathic-fertility w/ unknown cause

damage to glands

63
Q

digestive stuff

A

in book

biology 201 (5 decks)

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