bio test sep 17 Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
Monomer
A
- small molecule (reacts with similar molecule to form a bigger molecule)
- smallest unit in a polymer
- building blocks for biological processes (DNA, RNA, proteins , carbohydrates)
2
Q
Monosaccharide
A
-most basic form of a carbohydrate
3
Q
Disaccharide
A
- two monosaccharides bonded together using a glycosidic bond to form a disaccharide
- two sugars (double sugar)
4
Q
Polysaccharide
A
- two or more monosaccharides bonded together using a glycosidic bond
- simple suagrs
5
Q
Glycosidic bond
A
a covalent bond that bonds a carbohydrate (sugar) to another group
6
Q
Fatty Acid
A
- a hydrocarbon chain w carboxyl function at one end
- affects saturation
- the longer the chain gets, the more insoluble it becomes
- example ; butryic acid (butter)
7
Q
Saturated Fatty Acid
A
- has a single Carbon bond
- has the maximum amount of Hydron atoms possible
- found in lauric acid (coconut oil)
8
Q
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A
- has one or more double carbon bonds
healthier than saturated - can be found in nervonic acid ( fish oil)
9
Q
Fats
A
- Fats are made up of 2 molecules (glycerol and fatty acid)
- formed by dehydration rxn
10
Q
Tryglycerides
A
- The most well known fat
- made up of 3 fatty acids joined to a single glycerole molecule
11
Q
Phospholipids
A
- MANDATORY FOR CELL FUNCTION
- lipid that consists of 2 fatty acids
- makes up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
12
Q
Steroids
A
- inlcludes sex chromosomes (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)
- groups of lipids with structures on fused carbon rings
13
Q
Waxes
A
- provide a water resistant wax layer
- made of large long fatty acid chains
14
Q
Nucleotide
A
- building block of DNA
- Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
15
Q
DNA
A
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- carries and stores hereditary materials
- double helix structure
16
Q
RNA
A
Ribonucleic acid
- Involved in protein synthesis in eukaryotes
- hereditary molecule found in many viruses
there are 3 types of RNA 1
1) Messanger Rna
2) Transfer RNA
3)Ribosomal RNA. (MTR)
17
Q
Amino Acids
A
- What proteins are made of
- 20 amino acids
- 12 are “non essential” they are already made by our body
- 8 are ‘essential’ we have to obtain these through foods
- bonded to make proteins through dehydration rxn
18
Q
Peptide Bonds
A
- a type of covalent chemical bond linking two amino acids together
19
Q
Denaturation
A
- process modifying the molecular structure of a protein
- involves breaking of weak linkages
20
Q
Enzyme
A
- biological catalyst that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering reaction time
- consists of one or more polypeptide chain
21
Q
Catalyst
A
-the process in which a chemical reaction is sped up without being altered in the process
22
Q
Active site
A
- the region where the substance is trying to go to form the reaction
23
Q
substrate
A
- a molecule upon which an enzyme acts
- temporary molecule that is formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substance
24
Q
Cofactor
A
- a non protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme activity as a catalyst
25
Coenzyme
- small molecules
| - helps enzymes catalyze a reaction
26
What are the different Carbohydrates
1) monosaccharides
2) disaccharides
3) polysaccharides
27
functions of monosaccharides
| Characteristics of monosaccharides
- produce and store energy
| - soluble in water
28
```
function of disaccharide
characteristics of disaccharide
```
- provides you with quick energy
| - soluble in water
29
```
function of. a polysaccharide
characteristics of a polysaccharide
```
- energy storage and structural support
| - insoluble in water
30
functions of lipids
- serve as structural components of cell membranes
- energy for storehouses
- important signalling molecules
31
characteristics of lipids
- energy rich organic molecules
- insoluble in water
- no ionic charge
32
five types of Lipids
1) Fatty Acids
2) Fats
3) Wax
4) Phospholipids
5) Steroids
33
components of fatty acid
- single hydrocarbon chain (carboxyl function at on end)
| - As the chain increases the fatty acid becomes more insoluble
34
Describe the relationship of size of fatty acid and solubitlity.
- the longer the fatty acid chain, the more insoluble they become
35
Saturated vs Unsaturated
```
Saturated- single carbon bond
- have the most hydrogens possible
-lauric acid (coconut oil)
Unsaturated- double carbon bonds
-nervonic acid (fish oil)
```
36
components of fat : made of 2 molecules
-made of 2 molecule (glycerole and fatty acid)
37
Describe phospholipid structure
-2 fatty acid chains and one phospholipid group
38
describe the function of a fatty acid
Cell membrane
39
example of fatty acid
lipid bilayer
40
describe the structure of a steroid
four carbon rings
41
function of a steroid
hormonal signalling (think estrogen progestrone and estrogen)
42
characteristics of steroids
testosterone and cholesterole
43
structure of wax
long fatty acid chain lined to alcohol
44
function of wax
water resistance and protection
45
example of wax
wax coating on leaves , fruits and stems
46
what are essential amino acids
the 8 amino acids our bodies do not produce , it is ESSENTIAL we get them through food intake
47
what are non essesntial amino acids
the 12 amino acids our bodies produce naturally
48
how is a peptide bond formed
- amino acids bond together
| - forms a condensation reaction
49
Describe how proteins are formed
- made of amino acids
| - proteins are polymers composed of amino acid monomers joined by peptide bonds in a 3D structure
50
Four levels of protein structures
1) primary protein structure
- sequence of a chain of amino acids
2) secondary protein structure
- hydrogen bonding to the peptide backbone causes amino acids to fold
3) tertiary protein structure
- three dimensional pattern of a protein
- CRITICAL TO PROTEIN STRUCTURES
4) quaternary protein structures
- protein consisting of one amino acid chain
51
how does denaturation occur in proteins?
disrupts the alpha helix and beta sheets in a protein and uncoils it to a random shape
- UNCOILS THE DNA OF A PROTEIN
52
what is the affect of denaturation
- they lose their structure therefore they cannot function
53
The 7 types of proteins
1) structural
2) defensive
3) signal
4) carrier
5) recognition and receptor
6) enzyme
7) motile
54
Identify the 5 nitrogenous bases
1) Adenine
2) Thymine
3) Guanine
4) Cytosine
5) Uracil
55
How do nitrogenous bases pair ?
A +T
| C+G
56
What is the function of DNA ?
- contains genetic instruction
| - stores hereditary information
57
what is the structure of DNA?
- a double helix structure
58
what is the relationship between DNA and nucleotides
DNA is made of nucelotides
59
DNA relation to Nitrogenous Bases
nitrogenous bases are found in DNA strands in the double helix
60
What is the function of RNA ?
carrier of genetic codes in some viruses
61
Nitrogenous bases in RNA
Adenine , Guanine , Cytosine, Uracil
62
Nucleotides and RNA relation
consists of ribose nucleotides forming strands
63
RNA structure
-Single stranded
64
Components of DNA
- deoxyribose sugar
- base
- deoxyribose
65
Function of enzymes
- regulate chemical reactions in the body
66
Uses of enzymes
- digestion
| - detergent
67
how do enzymes speed up reactions
- by lowering energy which allows rxn to occur faster
68
what is the structure of enzymes
- 3D shape
| - shape of the active site matches the substrate like a puzzle piece
69
Describe how enzyme structure allow them to speed up a reaction
- the enzyme structure is constant throughout and can start over as soon as it finishes with the last product causing it to be quick
70
Four factors that affect enzyme activity
1) Ph
2) temperature
3) enzyme concentration
4) enzyme acticity
71
what is a competitive enzyme inhibition
the substrate and inhibitor are in competition for the spot in the enzyme
- NO RXN OCCURS
72
what is non competitive enzyme inhibition
the inhibitor binds to the active site and changes the shape
- NO RXN OCCURS
