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unit 2 bio - cells > bio unit 2 cells > Flashcards

bio unit 2 cells Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

why are cells important

A
  • all organisms are made of cells
  • cells are the simplest collection of matter that can live
  • some organisms are only a single cell
  • cell structure is correlated to cellular function
  • all cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
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2
Q

characteristics of life

A
  • composed of a common set of chemical components and contain genetic info
  • convert molecules obtained from environment into biochemical molecules
    -extract energy from environment to do biological work
    -regulate internal environment
  • replicate genetic info when reproducing
    -share sequence similarities among a fundamental set of genes
    -evolve through gradual changes in genetic info
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3
Q

prokaryotic cell

A
  • only in bacteria and archaea
    -no true nucleus/nuclear envelope
    -genetic material in nucleotide region
  • no organelles
    have cell membrane and cell wall
    -heterotrophic, phototrophic, and chemotrophic
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4
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

-protists, fungi, plantar, animal is
- true membrane-bound nucleus
- genetic material in nucleus
-many organelles

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5
Q

basic features of all cells

A
  • plasma membrane
  • semi fluid substance called cytoskeleton
  • chromosomes
    ribosomes
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6
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid belayer, selectively permeable barrier involved in communication and binding

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

interior of the cell, including organelles

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8
Q

chromosomes function

A

carry genes

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9
Q

archaea

A

single-called, similar to bacteria, live in extreme conditions

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10
Q

ribosomes function

A

make proteins

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11
Q

surface area affect on cell

A

determines the amount of substances that can enter it from outside and amount of waste that can exit from inside

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12
Q

how does volume affect cell

A

determines amount of metabolic activity a cell carries out over a unit of time

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13
Q

ideal surface to volume ratio

A

must be large so to allow lots of materials to pass through plasma membrane
—more surface area, less volume

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14
Q

why should volume be small

A

-large volume requires more food in and produces more waste to get out
-diffusion only works well across short distances
-nucleus can’t handle too much info and shorts out if cell too large

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15
Q

multicellular organisms

A

composed of many small cells rather than a few large ones

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16
Q

cell shape

A
  • tend to be spherical due to cohesion and surface tension —> strongest structural shape
  • if it isn’t spherical, cell needs internal/external support to maintain shape
    -may take on unique shapes for surface area needs
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17
Q

eukaryotic cell example

A

plant and animal cells

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18
Q

nucleus

A

enclosed by nuclear membrane
- contains most genes that control cell
-dna organized into chromosomes
- nuclear laminate = protein filaments that give structure to inner nuclear membrane

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19
Q

how does nucleus direct protein synthesis

A

by synthesizing mRNA according to instructions from DNA
- mRNA leaves nucleus to cytoplasm where ribosome translate it to polypeptide protein

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20
Q

nucleolus

A

found within nucleus
makes ribosomal RNA for ribosome synthesis

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21
Q

ribosome location

A

free - in cytosol
bound - on ER (endoplasmic reticulum) make proteins that will be embedded in membrane

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22
Q

what are ribosomes made up of

A

rna and proteins

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23
Q

endomembrane system function

A

-synthesis of protein
-transport of proteins
-metabolism of lipids
-detox of poisons

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24
Q

endomembrane system

A

-golgi app
-transport vesicle
-nuclear envelope
-rough er
-smooth reply
-vacuole
-lysosome
-plasma membrane

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25
endoplasmic reticulum - rough er
manufactures membranes - rough ER which has ribosomes makes proteins for secretion and tags chemically for delivery - membrane production secretory proteins leave ER in transport vesicles (pouches)
26
endoplasmic reticulum - smooth er
no ribosomes - made of tubules - syntehsis of lipids, steroids -carbohydrate metabolism -modify small molecules taken in by cell -detox -store calcium ions
27
golgi apparatus
- modifies products of er -sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles -cis face = receiving -trans face - exporting
28
lysosomes
sacs containing hydrolysis enzymes - digestive compartments breaks large polymers down to monomers
29
lysosomal storage diseases
fail to digest internal components and build up
30
vacuoles
-larger versions of vesicles -membrane bound sacs with varied functions -food vacuole -contractile vacuole -central vacuole
31
mitochondria
in nearly all eukaryotes - smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae which form intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix - some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in mitochondrial matrix contain dna double membrane
32
chloroplasts
only in eukaryotic photosynthetic cells -double membranes makes sugar through photosynthesis plastid
33
thylakoids
place of energy conversion in chloroplasts
34
peroxisomes
specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane - produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it tp water rid body of toxins self-replicating
35
cell wall of plant
made of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins multiple layers : primary thin wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall plasmodesmata = channells between adjacent plant cells
36
cell wall of plant
made of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins multiple layers : primary thin wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall plasmodesmata = channells between adjacent plant cells
37
extracellular matrix
animals lack cell wall but have this made up of glycoproteins and other macromolecules
38
selective permeability
-hydrophobic, no polar, small, lipid molecules easily pass through membrane because this is similar to phospholipid belayer
39
can ions pass phospholipid bilayer
no, charged so it will repel them from phospholipid tails
40
passive transport
-requires no energy -occurs due to natural concentration gradient molecules move from high to low concentration diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
41
diffusion
movement of small molecules across membrane from high to low conc -each substance diffuses along its own gradient diffuses until it reaches equilibrium
42
osmosis
facilitated dissuasion of water across membrane - diffuses from lower solute conc. to higher solute conc. —> to dissolve
43
aquaporins
integral channel proteins allow water to move quickly across membrane - facilitated diffusion
44
why does water need aquaporin
water is polar molecule with charged regions -difficult to move through hydrophobic region
45
tonicity
ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water - hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic
46
isotonic solution
same solute conc on outside and inside of plasma membrane
47
hypertonic solution
high solute conc. outside cell
48
hypotonic
low solute conc. outside cell
49
hypertonic solutions issue
since more solut molecules outside the cell, less water inside, more water sucked outside. plant and animal cells shrink and may die
50
danger of hypotonic solutions
could cause some animal cells to burst
51
facilitated diffusion
diffusion with help of transport protein -channel and carrier proteins - carrier proteins have subtle shape changes
52
active transport
-requires energy —> generally ATP pump molecules against concentration gradient protein always involved (carrier)
53
secondary transport
uses energy from electrochemical gradient to pump protons - proton pump : hydrogen ions pump from low to high conc. -create electrochemical gradient -creating potential energy by creating difference in voltage across the membrane - ion moves due to conc. gradient and also attraction to negative side of membrane
54
co-transport
use proton pump powered by atp pump hydrogen to side with high conc. of them creates positive and negative charge in picking up a hydrogen, it will also take another molecule ion helping another ion move across
55
carrier protein opening inside
carrier proteins have an area in it that has a high affinity for the ions ions bind to protein’s attractive areas once max amount of ions attach to the carrier protein, ATP comes along and phosphorolate protein turning into ADP when the phosphorus attaches to protein, the protein over goes a conformational change that makes it open towards outside of a cell. affinity is lost and ions are expelled.
56
exocytosis
excretion of large particles vesicle binds to the plasma membrane releasing the contents outside the cell
57
endocytosis
ingestion of large particles vesicle created from the invagination of the plasma membrane, which pinches off, bringing large molecules into the cell
58
pinocytosis
-endocytosis -cell drinking smaller engulfing of fluids
59
phagocytosis
cell eating endocytosis of whole cells\forms vesicle that fuses with lysosome for digestion
60
receptor mediated endocytosis
ligant bounds to receptor protein

unit 2 bio - cells (2 decks)

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